Abstract：
:Processes exhibiting diversity and selection would have been necessary to promote chemical evolution on early Earth. In this work, a model process was developed using non-kinetic selection to synthesize and isolate small molecule imidazolium catalysts. These catalysts were purified by affinity chromatography and recycled back into the process, forming a product feedback loop. In dimethylformamide, the catalysts activated the coupling of formaldehyde to short chain sugars. This sugar mixture was reacted with aniline, acetic acid, and paraformaldehyde to generate new catalysts. Thus chemical diversity was produced through non-selective, multi-component synthesis. Applying sequential dilution-reaction-purification cycles it was demonstrated that this process can function independently of starting catalyst. Over three process cycles, the initiator catalyst is effectively diluted out as a new catalyst population emerges to take its place. This system offers an alternative viewpoint for chemical evolution via the generation of small molecule organocatalysts.
journal_name
J Mol Evoljournal_title
Journal of molecular evolutionauthors
Clairmont RM,Bommarius AS,Weber ALdoi
10.1007/s00239-015-9687-7subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-08-01 00:00:00pages
1-9issue
1-2eissn
0022-2844issn
1432-1432journal_volume
81pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The gene content of a mitochondrial (mt) genome, i.e., 37 genes and a large noncoding region (LNR), is usually conserved in Metazoa. The arrangement of these genes and the LNR is generally conserved at low taxonomic levels but varies substantially at high levels. We report here a variation in mt gene content and gene ...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-005-0196-y
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules which are processed into ~20-24 nt molecules that can regulate the gene expression post-transcriptionally. MiRNA gene clusters have been identified in a range of species, where in miRNAs are often processed from polycistronic transcripts. In this study, a computatio...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 信件
doi：10.1007/s00239-013-9563-2
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The nearly neutral theory attributes most nucleotide substitution and polymorphism to genetic drift acting on weakly selected mutants, and assumes that the selection coefficients for these mutants are drawn from a continuous distribution. This means that parameter estimation can require numerical integration, and this...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-008-9146-9
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The circadian clock regulates a multitude of plant developmental and metabolic processes. In crop species, it contributes significantly to plant performance and productivity and to the adaptation and geographical range over which crops can be grown. To understand the clock in barley and how it relates to the component...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-015-9665-0
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Complement control proteins (CCPs) contain repeated protein domains, short consensus repeats (SCRs), which must be relevant to diverse functions such as complement activation, coagulation, viral binding, fetal implantation, and self-nonself recognition. Although SCRs share some discontinuous and imperfect motifs, ther...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-004-2609-8
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Microsatellite DNA sequences have become the dominant source of nuclear genetic markers for most applications. It is important to investigate the basis of variation between alleles and to know if current assumptions about the mechanisms of microsatellite mutation (that is to say, variations involving simple changes in...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/pl00006151
更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction site maps for nine species of the Drosophila obscura subgroup and for Drosophila melanogaster were established. Taking into account all restriction enzymes (12) and strains (45) analyzed, a total of 105 different sites were detected, which corresponds to a sample of 3.49% of the m...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02109481
更新日期：1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Males of three inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster were heat-shocked 90 min at 37 degrees C. The progenies from treated and untreated males mated with untreated females of the same line were checked for their chromosomal insertion patterns of various mobile elements by either in situ hybridization or Southern blot...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02603073
更新日期：1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The frequencies of ATG triplets in the genomes of various species were systematically analyzed, and the frequency of ATG triplets was significantly low around start codons in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. In eukaryotes, however, the frequency decrease before the start codon is much more evident than that af...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/pl00006460
更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Oxygen-free aqueous solutions of NH4CN (0.1 M, pH9) were exposed to gamma rays from a 60Co source, the mixture of nonvolatile products was fractionated, and the fractions were analyzed. The procedures were chosen to make effective investigations of radiolytic products, and to minimize the contributions of chemical cha...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF01732951
更新日期：1980-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Domains are folded structures and evolutionary building blocks of protein molecules. Their three-dimensional atomic conformations, which define biological functions, can be coarse-grained into levels of a hierarchy. Here we build global dynamical models for the evolution of domains at fold and fold superfamily (FSF) l...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-016-9740-1
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:By a chromosome walking strategy the DNA region from Methanococcus vannielii flanking the genes for protein synthesis elongation factor (EF) 1 alpha and EF-2 was cloned and sequenced. A gene organization of 5' - beta' - open reading frame (ORF) 1 - ORF2 - S12 - S7 - EF-2 - EF-1 alpha - S10 - ORF3 - ORF4 - 3' was found...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02106178
更新日期：1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Response regulators of bacterial sensory transduction systems generally consist of receiver module domains covalently linked to effector domains. The effector domains include DNA binding and/or catalytic units that are regulated by sensor kinase-catalyzed aspartyl phosphorylation within their receiver modules. Most re...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00167109
更新日期：1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The C-terminal domain of methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS-C) from Nanoarchaeum equitans is homologous to a tRNA-binding protein consisting of 111 amino acids (Trbp111) from Aquifex aeolicus. The crystal structure of MetRS-C showed that it existed as a homodimer, and that each monomer possessed an oligonucleotide/oligo...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-017-9796-6
更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus have made great contributions to earth's photosynthetic biomass. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein systems have been characterized to play important roles in various physiological functions, including carbon fixation, phosphate assimilation, and vitamin B(12) metabolism. In this stud...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-009-9259-9
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many proteins exhibit sequence periodicity, often correlated with a visible structural periodicity. The statistical significance of such periodicity can be assessed by means of a chi-squared-based test, with significance thresholds being calculated from shuffled sequences. Comparison of the complete proteomes of 45 sp...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-004-0189-2
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The recent availability of genome sequences of four different Fusarium species offers the opportunity to perform extensive comparative analyses, in particular of repeated sequences. In a recent work, the overall content of such sequences in the genomes of three phylogenetically related Fusarium species, F. graminearum...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-011-9472-1
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The gene (fus) coding for elongation factor G (EF-G) of the extremely thermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima was identified and sequenced. The EF-G coding sequence (2046 bp) was found to lie in an operon-like structure between the ribosomal protein S7 gene (rpsG) and the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) gene (tuf). ...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02193628
更新日期：1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relaxin (RLN) and insulin-like (INSL) gene family is a group of genes involved in a variety of physiological roles that includes bone formation, testicular descent, trophoblast development, and cell differentiation. This family appears to have expanded in vertebrates relative to non-vertebrate chordates, but the r...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-010-9403-6
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Energised by the protonmotive force and with the intervention of inorganic catalysts, at base Life reacts hydrogen from a variety of sources with atmospheric carbon dioxide. It seems inescapable that life emerged to fulfil the same role (i.e., to hydrogenate CO(2)) on the early Earth, thus outcompeting the slow geoche...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-009-9289-3
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The codons in four mammalian messenger RNAs (rabbit beta hemoglobin, rat pre-proinsulin, rat pre-growth hormone and human chorionic somatomammotropin) show a predominance of C and G in third nucleotide positions. The C:U ratio is about 2 to 1, and the G:A ratio is about 4 to 1. The possibility is discussed that this d...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF01733888
更新日期：1978-06-20 00:00:00
abstract：:The availability of fast and accurate sequencing procedures along with the use of PCR has led to a proliferation of studies of variability at the molecular level in populations. Nevertheless, it is often impractical to examine long genomic stretches and a large number of individuals at the same time. In order to optim...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00173194
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two competing effects at two vastly different scales may explain collagen's current translation length. The necessity to have long molecules for maintaining mechanical integrity at the organism and supraorganism scales may be limited by the need to have small molecules capable of robust self-assembly at the nanoscale....
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-008-9111-7
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since the discovery of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, more than 50 years ago, paleontologists and comparative morphologists have debated whether coelacanths or lungfishes, two groups of lobe-finned fishes, are the closest living relatives of land vertebrates (Tetrapoda). Previously, Meyer and Wilson (1990) deter...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/BF00183221
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 6.0-kb DNA fragment from Gorilla gorilla including the 5' part of the beta-globin gene and about 4.5 kb of its upstream flanking region was cloned and sequenced. The sequence was compared to the human, chimpanzee, and macaque delta-beta intergenic region. This analysis reveals four tandemly repeated sequences (RS), ...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00163849
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypoxia at deep-sea hydrothermal vents represents one of the most basic challenges for metazoans, which then requires specific adaptations to acquire oxygen to meet their metabolic needs. Hydrothermal vent scale-worms (Polychaeta; Polynoidae) express large amounts of extracellular single- and multi-domain hemoglobins,...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-017-9815-7
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:cDNA encoding the adhesive protein of the mussel Mytilus coruscus (Mcfp1) was isolated. The coding region encoded 848 amino acids (a.a.) comprising the 20-a.a. signal peptide, the 21-a.a. nonrepetitive linker, and the 805-a.a. repetitive domain. Although the first 204 nucleotides and the 3'-untranslated region of Mcfp...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02339009
更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There have been two distinct phases of evolution of the genetic code: an ancient phase--prior to the divergence of the three domains of life, during which the standard genetic code was established--and a modern phase, in which many alternative codes have arisen in specific groups of genomes that differ only slightly f...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s00239-015-9686-8
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The level reached by the optimization of the polarity distances during the evolution of the genetic code was investigated. The results, although not conclusive, indicate that this optimization level is higher than the data reported in the literature. The results seem compatible with the reaching of an evolutionary min...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02103616
更新日期：1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:RNA editing affecting chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes has been identified in all major clades of land plants. The frequency of edited sites varies greatly between lineages but hornworts represent an extreme in propensity for editing in both their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes. cDNA sequences from seven t...
journal_title：Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00239-004-0146-0
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
