Abstract:
INTRODUCTION:Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is the gold standard initial diagnostic intervention for bladder cancer and provides diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic benefit in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, TURBT alone is inadequate for optimal management of NMIBC, as patients will experience recurrence or progression depending on tumor characteristics. Adjuvant intravesical therapy with either immunotherapy or chemotherapy has been shown to reduce recurrence and/or progression in appropriately selected patients through immunostimulation or direct cell ablation. AREAS COVERED:This review will discuss risk stratification of patients with NMIBC and role of intravesical therapies in reducing recurrence and progression of disease in these patients. A Medline search was performed to identify the best available evidence available from various systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials on various immunotherapy and chemotherapy agents. In addition, the main aspects of drug pharmacology (mechanism of action, dosing and administration) and side effects will be reviewed. EXPERT OPINION:The selection of the appropriate intravesical agent for NMIBC is complex and is dependent on risk stratification and intravesical agent toxicity. Intravesical induction and maintenance immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the preferred and most effective agent for patients with high-risk NMIBC (carcinoma in situ and high-grade disease) and reduces both recurrence and progression.
journal_name
Expert Opin Pharmacotherjournal_title
Expert opinion on pharmacotherapyauthors
Patel SG,Cohen A,Weiner AB,Steinberg GDdoi
10.1517/14656566.2015.1024656subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-04-01 00:00:00pages
889-901issue
6eissn
1465-6566issn
1744-7666journal_volume
16pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:INTRODUCTION:Hypertension is highly prevalent in patients with end-stage kidney disease on hemodialysis and is often not well controlled. Blood pressure (BP) levels before and after hemodialysis have a U-shaped relationship with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Although antihypertensive drugs are recommended for...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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doi:10.1080/14656566.2020.1746272
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abstract:INTRODUCTION:Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common condition that has a profound impact on an individual's overall health and quality of life. Muscarinic receptor antagonists are the mainstay of oral pharmacotherapy for OAB. While all of the medications in this class are significantly more effective than placebo, they a...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1517/14656566.2012.688953
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abstract::Introduction: Insomnia has been implicated in the development, maintenance, worsening, and relapse of alcohol use disorder (AUD).Areas covered: The authors review the possible pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options of insomnia for patients with alcohol-use disorder and provide their expert opinion.E...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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abstract::Multiple approaches to enhancing antidepressant treatment response in bipolar depression are available and should, in many instances, be explored despite a lack of definitive controlled trial literature supporting their efficacy. Given that the morbidity of depression is three times greater than mania in bipolar illne...
journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2020-09-29 00:00:00
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journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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journal_title:Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
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abstract:INTRODUCTION:Despite the availability of numerous anti-diabetes drugs and treatment guidelines, many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) do not reach recommended targets for glycemic control. There remains an unmet need for effective and well-tolerated anti-diabetes agents that can be used as monotherapy or i...
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