Abstract:
:The potential for supplement use to result in doping infringements is likely to be of concern for anyone involved in sports nutrition. The available data indicates that between 40-70% of athletes use supplements, and that between 10-15% of supplements may contain prohibited substances. Such data indicates that there is a considerable risk of accidental or inadvertent doping through using supplements. Accordingly, this paper sets out to provide an overview of the currently available empirical evidence of accidental doping by supplement use. In carrying out this task, the authors refer to press releases and proxy measures associated with nutritional supplement use, as well as statistical data on supplement contamination rates and doping infractions. A number of different indications as to the percentage of doping cases that might be attributed to supplement use are presented, ranging from 6.4% to 8.8%. Such percentages are not comparable; instead they are provided as indications as to how difficult it is to ascertain or estimate the scale of this problem. Although some forms of estimation can be made, it is suggested that it is currently not possible to quantify the scale of the problem. By way of conclusion, it is argued that antidoping regulators may wish to review current data gathering and information provision systems so that the problem of inadvertent doping can be more directly assessed as a factor in sports doping overall.
journal_name
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metabauthors
Outram S,Stewart Bdoi
10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0174subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-02-01 00:00:00pages
54-9issue
1eissn
1526-484Xissn
1543-2742journal_volume
25pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Athletes employ various dietary strategies in attempts to attenuate exercise-induced gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms to ensure optimal performance. This case-study outlines one of these GI-targeted approaches via the implementation of a short-term low FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0293
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Regional fat distribution (RFD) has been associated with metabolic derangements in populations with obesity. For example, upper body fat patterning is associated with higher levels of free testosterone (FT) and lower levels of sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG). We sought to determine the extent to which this relatio...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.11.4.451
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Food intolerance is becoming increasingly prevalent, and increasing numbers of athletes have celiac disease. This poses challenges as dietary recommendations for exercise are largely based on gluten-containing carbohydrate-rich foods. The K4 cycle race covers 384 km around the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. Lack o...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.4.304
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of a commercial sports drink on performance in high-intensity cycling was investigated. Nine well-trained subjects were asked to complete a set amount of work as fast as possible (time trial) following 24 h of dietary (subjects were provided with food, energy 57.4+/-2.4 kcal/kg and carbohydrate 9.1+/-0.4 g...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.14.5.541
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Six weeks (3 times/wk) of sprint-interval training (SIT) or continuous endurance training (CET) promote body-fat losses despite a substantially lower training volume with SIT. In an attempt to explain these findings, the authors quantified VO₂ during and after (24 h) sprint-interval exercise (SIE; 2 min exercise) vs. ...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.4.276
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Supplementation with beta-alanine may have positive effects on severe-intensity, intermittent, and isometric strength-endurance performance. These could be advantageous for competitive alpine skiers, whose races last 45 to 150 s, require metabolic power above the aerobic maximum, and involve isometric musc...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0253
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover design, 15 trained males undertook exercise trials during two 4 wk supplementation periods, with either 3 g L-Carnitine L-tartrate (LCLT) or 3 g placebo (P) daily. Total carbohydrate and fat oxidation during 90 min steady state cycling were not different betw...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.15.6.665
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We sought to assess the accuracy of current or developing new prediction equations for resting metabolic rate (RMR) in adolescent athletes. RMR was assessed via indirect calorimetry, alongside known predictors (body composition via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, height, age, and sex) and hypothesized predictors (ra...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0323
更新日期:2020-05-26 00:00:00
abstract::The authors tested the hypothesis that perception of carbohydrate (CHO) availability augments exercise capacity in conditions of reduced CHO availability. Nine males completed a sleep-low train model comprising evening glycogen-depleting cycling followed by an exhaustive cycling protocol the next morning in the fasted...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0275
更新日期:2020-02-04 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of the current study was to evaluate changes in body composition, metabolic rate, and hormones during postcompetition recovery. Data were collected from natural physique athletes (7 male/8 female) within one week before (T1) competition, within one week after (T2), and 4-6 weeks after (T3) competition. Mea...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0038
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIMS/OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the current literature via systematic review to ascertain whether amino acids/vitamins provide any influence on musculotendinous healing and if so, by which physiological mechanisms. METHODS:EBSCO, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase Classic/Embase, and MEDLINE were searched using terms including...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0267
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is an orexigenic peptide secreted from the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. AGRP increases food intake and plays a role in energy balance, adiposity, weight gain, and growth-hormone release. The objective of the current study was to examine the effects of running exercise on res...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.19.5.473
更新日期:2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of a caffeine-containing energy drink to improve physical performance of elite field hockey players during a game. On 2 days separated by a week, 13 elite field hockey players (age and body mass = 23.2 ± 3.9 years and 76.1 ± 6.1 kg) ingested 3 mg of caffeine ...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0128
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Whenever athletes willfully or accidentally ingest performance-enhancing drugs or other banned substances (such as drugs of abuse), markers of those drugs can be detected in biological samples (e.g., biofluids: urine, saliva, blood); in the case of some drugs, that evidence can be apparent for many weeks following the...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0185
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We aimed to (a) report energy availability (EA), metabolic/reproductive function, bone mineral density, and injury/illness rates in national/world-class female and male distance athletes and (b) investigate the robustness of various diagnostic criteria from the Female Athlete Triad (Triad), Low Energy Availability in ...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0313
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The timing of carbohydrate ingestion and how this influences net muscle glycogen utilization and fatigue has only been investigated in prolonged cycling. Past findings may not translate to running because each exercise mode is distinct both in the metabolic response to carbohydrate ingestion and in the practicalities ...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0291
更新日期:2020-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::The B-vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B-6) are necessary in the energy-producing pathways of the body, while folate and vitamin B-12 are required for the synthesis of new cells, such as the red blood cells, and for the repair of damaged cells. Active individuals with poor or marginal nutritional status for a B-...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.16.5.453
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although beetroot juice, as a nitrate carrier, is a popular ergogenic supplement among athletes, nitrate is consumed through the regular diet as well. We aimed to assess the habitual dietary nitrate intake and identify the main contributing food sources in a large group of highly trained athletes. Dutch highly trained...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0239
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous research indicates that ultramarathon exercise can result in blood oxidative stress. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the efficacy of oral supplementation with quercetin, a naturally occurring compound with known antioxidant properties, as a potential countermeasure against blood oxidative str...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.18.6.601
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study compared type of habitual exercise and meal form on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) in 29 men age 19-28 yr. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and DIT response to solid-meal (bar) vs. liquid-meal (shake) ingestion were measured via indirect calorimetry; classifications were sedentary (n = 9), endurance trained (...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.1.11
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Research suggests that ingesting protein after resistance exercise (RE) increases muscle protein synthesis and results in greater muscle gains. The effect on energy expenditure and substrate utilization, however, is unclear. This study evaluated the effect of RE and postexercise protein on recovery energy expenditure ...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.6.544
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Creatine supplementation (CS) has been reported to increase body mass and improve performance in high-intensity, short-duration exercise tasks. Research on CS, most of which has come into existence since 1994, has been the focus of several qualitative reviews, but only one meta-analysis, which was conducted ...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.13.2.198
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eight healthy subjects, aged 39.0 ¿ 2.4 years, consumed four 6% carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions containing either one (glucose or fructose) or two transportable carbohydrates in single (glucose + fructose) or bound (sucrose) forms. Solution osmolalities ranged from 250 to 434 mOsm/kg H2O. The test solutions were in...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.10.4.394
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Caffeine and creatine are ingredients in the most popular dietary supplements consumed by soccer players. However, some products may not contain the disclosed amounts of the ingredients listed on the label, compromising the safe usage and the effectiveness of these supplements. Therefore, the aim of this study was to ...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0134
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The impact of altered blood glucose concentrations on exercise metabolism and performance after a low carbohydrate (CHO) diet was investigated. In random order, 1 wk apart, 9 trained men underwent euglycemic (CI) or placebo (PI) clamps, while performing up to 150 min of cycling at 70% VO2(max), after 48 h on a low CHO...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.15.2.97
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) such as the 30-s Wingate test attenuates postprandial triacylglycerol (TG), however, the ability of shorter versions of HIIE to reduce postprandial TG is undetermined. Thus, the effect of 8-s sprinting bouts of HIIE on blood TG levels of 12 females after consumption of a hig...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0094
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and white-blood-cell (WBC) count are strongly associated with cardiovascular disease. The authors' purpose was to compare the inflammatory response to a single aerobic-exercise session between individuals of high and moderate fitness. Ten apparently he...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.2.152
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of vitamin C with or without carbohydrate consumed acutely in beverages before and during prolonged cycling on immunoendocrine responses. In a single blind, randomized manner six healthy, moderately trained males exercised for 2.5 h at 60% VO(2max)and consumed...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.15.5.465
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To investigate the effects of polysaccharide from Gynostemma pentaphyllum on antioxidant activity in skeletal muscle of mice exercised to exhaustion. METHODS:Three polysaccharide fractions were obtained from G. pentaphyllum polysaccharide (GPP) and termed GPP1-a, GPP2-b, and GPP3-a. Gas chromatography (GC) and...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.6.479
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:To compare the effects of a 3-week supplementation between two different mixtures of antioxidants and placebo on aerobic exercise performance in acute normobaric hypoxia. SUBJECTS/METHODS:Seventeen subjects were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to receive a broad-based antioxidants sup...
journal_title:International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0118
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00