Abstract：
:First line antidepressants are the so-called SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), e.g. fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine and escitalopram. Unfortunately, these drugs mostly do not provide full symptom relief and have a slow onset of action. Therefore other antidepressants are also being prescribed that inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine (e.g. reboxetine, desipramine) or the reuptake of both serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (e.g. venlafaxine, duloxetine, milnacipran). Nevertheless, many patients encounter residual symptoms such as impaired pleasure, impaired motivation, and lack of energy. It is hypothesized that an impaired brain reward system may underlie these residual symptoms. In agreement, there is some evidence that reuptake inhibitors of both norepinephrine and dopamine (e.g. methylphenidate, bupropion, nomifensine) affect these residual symptoms. In the pipeline are new drugs that block all three monoamine transporters for the reuptake of 5-HT, norepinephrine and dopamine, the so-called triple reuptake inhibitors (TRI). The working mechanisms of the above-mentioned antidepressants are discussed, and it is speculated whether depressed patients with different symptoms, sometimes even opposite ones due to atypical or melancholic features, can be matched with the different drug treatments available. In other words, is personalized medicine for major depression an option in the near future?
journal_name
Eur J Pharmacoljournal_title
European journal of pharmacologyauthors
Korte SM,Prins J,Krajnc AM,Hendriksen H,Oosting RS,Westphal KG,Korte-Bouws GA,Olivier Bdoi
10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.045subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-04-15 00:00:00pages
88-104eissn
0014-2999issn
1879-0712pii
S0014-2999(15)00016-3journal_volume
753pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Intracerebroventricular injection of galanin potently inhibited (0.5 micrograms/rat) or completely suppressed (5.0 micrograms/rat) copulatory activity in sexually experienced male rats, without producing any other obvious behavioral deficit. It is suggested that galanin, known to potently stimulate feeding behavior, m...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0014-2999(92)90236-w
更新日期：1992-03-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Clearance of apoptotic cells, so-called efferocytosis, by alveolar macrophages (AMs) is important for lung homeostasis and is impaired in pulmonary inflammatory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Carbocisteine, a mucoregulatory drug, corrects the contents of fucose in airway mucus and ...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.026
更新日期：2012-02-29 00:00:00
abstract：:The pruritogenic potency of tryptase and its involvement in anti-pruritic effect of intravenous nafamostat mesilate (NFM) were studied in mice. An intradermal injection of tryptase (0.05-1 ng/site) elicited scratching in ICR mice, while chymase was without effects at doses of 0.05-50 ng/site. The dose-response curve o...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.11.021
更新日期：2006-01-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiovascular and behavioral responses induced by intravenous administration of the serotonin (5-HT)1A receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), were studied in conscious normotensive rats either after a single administration, after repeated subcutaneous treatments (1 mg/kg daily for 3 day...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0014-2999(91)90140-l
更新日期：1991-02-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Atropine-induced locomotor stimulation was investigated in the developing rat pretreated with 6-hydroxydopa at birth. The locomotor stimulation by atropine was first observed on day 20 and gradually increased with age. The treatment with 6-hydroxydopa potentiated atropine-induced locomotor stimulation on days later th...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0014-2999(78)90149-8
更新日期：1978-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Herein, we examined the direct coupling of human dopamine D1 receptors to G(s) proteins using an antibody capture assay together with a detection technique employing scintillation proximity assay beads. Using a specific antibody, dopamine (DA) and the selective dopamine D1 receptor agonists, 6-chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-p...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.11.077
更新日期：2004-02-06 00:00:00
abstract：:We have reported that tacrolimus (FK506), an immunosuppressive drug, and diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, possess different modes of neuroprotective action. FK506 suppresses only thapsigargin-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells while diclofenac reverses tunicamycin-induced as well as th...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.027
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of conditioned fear on gross activity, heart rate, PQ interval, noradrenaline and adrenaline were studied in freely moving rats. Subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of atropine methyl nitrate (0.5 mg/kg) during rest resulted in a significant shortening of the PQ interval, indicating that the PQ interval can be ...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00261-1
更新日期：1998-06-05 00:00:00
abstract：:The anxiogenic activity of N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG 7142) is sometimes difficult to observe in rats. As the open field has recently been applied successfully to test the anxiogenic potential of n-butyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCB) in mice, a comparable experiment was performed with FG 7142 ...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0014-2999(91)90685-j
更新日期：1991-07-23 00:00:00
abstract：:It has been suggested that administration of a cannabinoid CB(1) (SR141716A ¿N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2, 4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1-H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide) and CB(2) (SR144528 ¿N-[(1S)-endo-1, 3, 3-trimethyl bicyclo ¿2.2.1 heptan-2-yl]-5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-pyr azo le- 3-ca...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00226-0
更新日期：2000-05-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous studies from this laboratory suggested that two subtypes of substance P receptor may exist, based on the observations that substance P and related peptides did not exhibit complete cross-desensitisation on guinea-pig ileum, and that two distinct rank orders of potency of tachykinins were observed in various t...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0014-2999(83)90052-3
更新日期：1983-01-28 00:00:00
abstract：:The Na(+)/Ca(2+)exchanger (NCX) principal function is taking 1 Ca(2+) out of the cytoplasm and introducing 3 Na(+). The increase of cytoplasmic Na(+) concentration induces the NCX reverse mode (NCX(REV)), favoring Ca(2+) influx. NCX(REV) can be inhibited by: KB-R7943 a non-specific compound that blocks voltage-depende...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.11.018
更新日期：2012-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Atorvastatin has protective effects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injuries and ischemia-reperfusion arrhythmia. This study was designed to investigate whether atorvastatin is able to protect against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by enhancing the expression of Connexin 43 (Cx43) via the activation of...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.09.023
更新日期：2015-12-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) decreases social exploration and induces weight loss in mice in a dose- and time-dependent manner (2.5-40 micrograms/mouse). To assess the role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in these effects, mice pretreated with IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra, 500 micrograms/mouse...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0014-2999(91)90184-r
更新日期：1991-12-17 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of lidocaine on alpha 1-adrenoceptors in cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiocytes was studied by binding assay. When the cells were cultured in the presence of lidocaine, the binding of (+/-)-beta-([125I]iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl-aminomethyl-tetralone to the cells increased in a concentration- and ti...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0014-2999(95)00060-x
更新日期：1995-04-24 00:00:00
abstract：:A possible cross-competition between vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (somatotropin release inhibiting factor; SRIF) and their respective receptors, was investigated at native or recombinant SRIF and VIP/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptors. The activity of VIP was e...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01223-7
更新日期：2001-08-31 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of depletion of catecholamines by tyramine or reserpine on the bradykinin-induced relaxation of the rat duodenum aan rabbit ileum was the object of this study. The relaxation was not affected by catecholamine depletion due to repeated addition of tyramine to the isolated organs from either normal or reserpi...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0014-2999(75)90148-x
更新日期：1975-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The regulation of acetylcholine (ACh) lifetime by acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, EC 3.1.1.8) was evaluated in vitro in canine tracheal smooth muscle preparations. Selective inhibition of AChE by low concentrations of 1,5-bis(N-allyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-ammoniumphenyl)-pentane-3-on...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0014-2999(91)90772-i
更新日期：1991-11-19 00:00:00
abstract：:5-HT and dopamine receptor antagonists have become widely used as atypical antipsychotics. Although 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonistic activity is thought to contribute to the atypical aspects of these agents, the precise mechanism remains unknown. M100907 (R(+)-alpha(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-[2(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl)]-4-pip...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0014-2999(01)00926-8
更新日期：2001-04-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Bimoclomol is a new compound that improves cell survival under experimental stress conditions partly by increasing intracellular heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSPs, especially HSP70, play a cytoprotective role in the rat heart. Rat neonatal cardiomyocytes were used to determine the ability of bimoclomol to induce HSP70 ...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01551-5
更新日期：2002-01-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Here we provide the first pharmacological exploration of the impact of acute central nervous system exposure to three recently developed ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1A) ligands on food intake and on the electrical activity of the target cells for ghrelin in the hypothalamus. Central (i.c.v) injection of GHS-R1A antagonists...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.03.066
更新日期：2009-06-10 00:00:00
abstract：:There is a large body of evidence to suggest that the sympathetic nervous system plays a critical role in the development of hypertension and vascular medial hypertrophy in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). The synthesis of a water soluble, specific alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist (terazosin) has permitted an ...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0014-2999(92)90538-f
更新日期：1992-02-11 00:00:00
abstract：:The alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist properties of doxazosin and its enantiomers were characterized using human prostate tissue and cell membranes isolated from rat-1 fibroblast expressing each of the cloned human alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes. In the alpha 1-adrenoceptor-binding studies on the human prostate with [3H]do...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0014-2999(96)00502-x
更新日期：1996-10-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Eribis peptide 94 (EP 94) is a novel enkephalin analog, thought to interact with the μ- and δ-opioid receptors. The purpose of the present study was to examine the cardioprotective potential of EP 94 in two clinically relevant porcine models of myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion, and to investigate if such an effect...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.069
更新日期：2011-01-25 00:00:00
abstract：:The administration of high doses of methamphetamine causes the degeneration of striatal dopaminergic fibers in the brains of rodents, and oxidative stress appears to be one of the main factors of neurotoxicity. This study examined whether edaravone, a radical scavenger, protects against methamphetamine-induced neuroto...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.05.012
更新日期：2006-08-07 00:00:00
abstract：:A microcomputer-based system has been used to apply the technique of excitability testing to the study of the actions of a range of pharmacological agents on the excitability of single primary afferent terminals in the mouse spinal cord in vitro. GABAA analogues all evoked increases in excitability that were bicuculli...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0014-2999(87)90554-1
更新日期：1987-09-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Glioma is a kind of lethal malignant tumor, and lacks efficient therapies. Combination therapy has been claimed to be a promising approach to combat cancer, due to its increased anti-cancer effects and reduced side effects. This study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer effect and mechanism of combining imatinib with...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173022
更新日期：2020-05-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Beta2-adrenoceptor agonists are the first-line treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in which a short-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonist is used as required for relief of bronchoconstriction. A long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonist may be added to an inhaled corticosteroid as step 3 in ...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.060
更新日期：2006-03-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous studies with both intact cells and ram seminal vesicles microsomes have shown that the specific PGHS-2 inhibitors NS-398 (N-[2-(cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl]methanesulfonamide) and DuP-697 (5-bromo-2[4-fluorophenyl]-3-[4-methylsulfonylphenyl]-thiophene) attenuate the inhibition of PGHS-1 caused by aspirin and...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02450-0
更新日期：2002-10-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Zolpidem has abuse potential, particularly among individuals with histories of drug abuse. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross over pilot study investigated the subjective effects of zolpidem (10 mg) in drug-naïve females. Over the course of a 5-h period vital signs were monitored and a series of computerized...
journal_title：European journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.09.011
更新日期：2008-11-19 00:00:00
