Abstract:
:This paper addresses strategies for selecting variables for adjustment in non-experimental comparative effectiveness research and uses causal graphs to illustrate the causal network that relates treatment to outcome. Variables in the causal network take on multiple structural forms. Adjustment for a common cause pathway between treatment and outcome can remove confounding, whereas adjustment for other structural types may increase bias. For this reason, variable selection would ideally be based on an understanding of the causal network; however, the true causal network is rarely known. Therefore, we describe more practical variable selection approaches based on background knowledge when the causal structure is only partially known. These approaches include adjustment for all observed pretreatment variables thought to have some connection to the outcome, all known risk factors for the outcome, and all direct causes of the treatment or the outcome. Empirical approaches, such as forward and backward selection and automatic high-dimensional proxy adjustment, are also discussed. As there is a continuum between knowing and not knowing the causal, structural relations of variables, we recommend addressing variable selection in a practical way that involves a combination of background knowledge and empirical selection and that uses high-dimensional approaches. This empirical approach can be used to select from a set of a priori variables based on the researcher's knowledge to be included in the final analysis or to identify additional variables for consideration. This more limited use of empirically derived variables may reduce confounding while simultaneously reducing the risk of including variables that may increase bias.
journal_name
Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safjournal_title
Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safetyauthors
Sauer BC,Brookhart MA,Roy J,VanderWeele Tdoi
10.1002/pds.3506subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-11-01 00:00:00pages
1139-45issue
11eissn
1053-8569issn
1099-1557journal_volume
22pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:PURPOSE:We developed an adverse events (AEs) reporting form for Korean folk medicine. METHODS:The first version of the form was developed and tested in the clinical setting for spontaneous reporting of AEs. Additional revisions to the reporting form were made based on collected data and expert input. RESULTS:We devel...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.4077
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cause of death is often not available in administrative claims data. OBJECTIVE:To develop claims-based algorithms to identify deaths due to fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD; ie, fatal coronary heart disease [CHD] or stroke), CHD, and stroke. METHODS:Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke ...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.4421
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To optimize the efficiency of signal detection by maximizing the proportion of true positive (TP) signals among signals detected by a disproportionality algorithm. METHODS:We compared 176 different combinations of stratification factors, sex (S), age (A), region (R) and year of report (Y), and cut-off values o...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.3392
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Estimating drug effectiveness and safety among older adults in population-based studies using administrative health care claims can be hampered by unmeasured confounding as a result of frailty. A claims-based algorithm that identifies patients likely to be dependent, a proxy for frailty, may improve confounding...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.3719
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Research using healthcare databases often includes patients frequently excluded from clinical trials; yet it is not known whether commonly used data represents the overall population or specific sub-populations of interest. We aimed to examine population representativeness from data sources in recent research s...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.5087
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To study the association between antibiotic use in early pregnancy and the risk of isolated orofacial clefts. METHODS:We conducted a cohort study of 806,011 live births in Denmark from 1996 through September 2008. Individual-level information on prescribed antibiotics during pregnancy, orofacial cleft diagnosi...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.2179
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Days supply (prescription duration) values are commonly used to estimate drug exposure and quantify adherence to therapy, yet accuracy is not routinely assessed, and potential inaccurate reporting has been previously identified. We examined the impact of cleaning days supply values on the measurement of adheren...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.3718
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To examine whether patient focused drug surveillance was associated with a higher quality of drug treatment at nursing homes. METHODS:An intervention study in four nursing homes in Sweden and four other nursing homes served as controls. At the intervention nursing homes physicians focused on patients' health s...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.1891
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Long-term benzodiazepine (BZD) treatment continues to be a debated topic. Because individual BZDs have different clinical profiles, we assessed the nationwide trends of long-term BZD use at active substance level during years 2006 to 2014. METHODS:This study covered all reimbursed BZD purchases (n = 408 572-52...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.4551
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:This study quantifies the incidence of liver enzyme abnormalities in the general population of central Massachusetts. METHODS:Computerized data files from a health maintenance organization were used to ascertain potential subjects during the study period of 1 July 1992-30 June 1993. Medical records and labo...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1557(199907)8:4<275::AID-PDS427
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We review the concept of time-dependent confounding by using the example in paper "Comparative effectiveness of individual angiotensin receptor blockers on risk of mortality in patients with chronic heart failure" by Desai et al. and illustrate how to adjust for it by using inverse probability of treatment weighting t...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.2306
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Patients initiating warfarin therapy generally experience a dose-titration period of weeks to months, during which time they are at higher risk of both thromboembolic and bleeding events. Accurate prediction of prolonged dose titration could help clinicians determine which patients might be better treated by al...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.4069
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The objective of this study was to quantify rates of adverse events in a high-risk multi-morbid population of institutionalized patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS:We conducted a retrospective cohort study among nursing home residents diagnosed with AD and psychosis during January 1998 to October 1...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.1274
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Most epidemiologic studies have detected no association between prior use of antidepressant medications and breast cancer risk. Despite the uniform conclusion, there is a continuous rise in the proportion of women using antidepressants, lending support to further monitoring of disease effects. METHODS:We condu...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.1719
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:We describe the design, implementation, and use of a large, multiorganizational distributed database developed to support the Mini-Sentinel Pilot Program of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). As envisioned by the US FDA, this implementation will inform and facilitate the development of an active surveil...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.2336
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Adverse drug events (ADEs) are an important cause of preventable hospitalizations among elderly individuals taking high-risk medications. The objective of the study was to identify health care system factors that affect the risk of digoxin toxicity for older adults on digoxin. METHODS:We conducted a prospectiv...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.1680
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Our study aimed to investigate the association between prenatal exposure to reactive intermediate (RI)-inducing drugs and the initiation of psychotropic medications among children. METHODS:We designed a cohort study using a pharmacy prescription database. Pregnant women were considered exposed when they receiv...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.4161
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The Dietary Supplements Information Expert Committee (DSI-EC; the Committee) of the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) reviews safety profiles of dietary supplements before development of USP-National Formulary (USP-NF) quality monographs. Because the veracity of dietary supplement adverse event repor...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/pds.1627
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies have shown that modern (third generation), oral contraceptives (OC) are associated with an increased incidence of venous thromboembolic disease compared to older (second generation), OC. It is not known, however, whether this association is also true for arterial thrombosis, in particular myocardial inf...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1557(199707)6:4<283::AID-PDS270
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adverse drug reaction surveillance conducted by the US Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is important for detecting new safety information about pharmaceuticals. FDA has sought to stimulate reporting of reactions by practitioners and manufacturers. Over the five years from 1989 to 1993, reporting more than do...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1557(199611)5:6<393::AID-PDS235
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The General Practice Research Database (GPRD) is a database of longitudinal patient records from general practices in the United Kingdom. It is an important data source for pharmacoepidemiology studies, but until now it has been tedious to calculate the daily dose and duration of exposure to drugs prescribed. T...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.1151
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIM:The aim of the present study was to investigate to what extent patients using prescription antiobesity drugs (orlistat, sibutramine and rimonabant) concomitantly or concurrently used psychotropic drugs and analgesics and the association between this drug use and the patients' gender and age. An additional aim was t...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.1896
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The aim of this work was to study the use of systemic antibacterials and its possible determinants in Hungarian intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS:Hospital pharmacy. departments provided package level dispensing data for their corresponding ICU (2006). Data were converted into defined daily doses (DDDs) and ...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.2192
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:This paper introduces an improved tool for designing matched-pairs randomized trials. The tool allows the incorporation of clinical and other knowledge regarding the relative importance of variables used in matching and allows for multiple types of missing data. The method is illustrated in the context of a clu...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.3260
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Observational pharmacoepidemiological studies can provide valuable information on the effectiveness or safety of interventions in the real world, but one major challenge is the existence of unmeasured confounder(s). While many analytical methods have been developed for dealing with this challenge, they appear u...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/pds.4394
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:This study aimed to assess the trends in antipsychotic prescriptions for outpatients in Japan, where a community-based approach to mental healthcare is emphasized. METHODS:This descriptive epidemiological study used claims data from 1038 community pharmacies across Japan. Outpatients who were ≥18 years old and...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.4187
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:As covariates are not always adequately balanced after propensity score matching and double- adjustment can be used to remove residual confounding, we compared the performance of several double-robust estimators in different scenarios. METHODS:We conducted a series of Monte Carlo simulations on virtual obser...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.4325
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Innovative methods are needed to assess risks related to treatment for common medical conditions, where therapy is usually patient-directed or over-the-counter (OTC), and where tolerability, i.e. patient experienced events, may affect patterns of use. A large-scale, blinded, randomised trial was conducted to co...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1002/pds.1083
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Because preapproval clinical trials typically exclude pregnant women, the evidence on drug safety during pregnancy required to inform drug labeling must come from postapproval controlled observational studies. Common designs have included pregnancy registries and case-control studies. Recently, pregnancy cohort...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/pds.4789
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:A case-control study is the most powerful design to test the risk of specific congenital malformations associated with a specific drug. However, malformation registries often lack non-malformed controls. For the Dutch EUROCAT, we collected a non-malformed control group: the 'Healthy Pregnant'. The aim of this s...
journal_title:Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/pds.2254
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00