Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) need regular monitoring, usually by blood urea and creatinine measurements, needing venepuncture, frequent attendances and a healthcare professional, with significant inconvenience. Noninvasive monitoring will potentially simplify and improve monitoring. We tested the potential of transdermal reverse iontophoresis of urea in patients with CKD and healthy controls. METHODS:Using a MIC 2(®) Iontophoresis Controller, reverse iontophoresis was applied on the forearm of five healthy subjects (controls) and 18 patients with CKD for 3-5 h. Urea extracted at the cathode was measured and compared with plasma urea. RESULTS:Reverse iontophoresis at 250 μA was entirely safe for the duration. Cathodal buffer urea linearly correlated with plasma urea after 2 h (r = 0·82, P < 0·0001), to 3·5 h current application (r = 0·89, P = 0·007). The linear equations y = 0·24x + 1 and y = 0·21x + 4·63 predicted plasma urea (y) from cathodal urea after 2 and 3 h, respectively. Cathodal urea concentration in controls was significantly lower than in patients with CKD after a minimum current application of 2 h (P < 0·0001), with the separation between the two groups becoming more apparent with longer application (P = 0·003). A cathodal urea cut-off of 30 μM gave a sensitivity of 83·3% and positive predictive value of 87% CKD. During haemodialysis, the fall in cathodal urea was able to track that of blood urea. CONCLUSION:Reverse iontophoresis is safe, can potentially discriminate patients with CKD and healthy subjects and is able to track blood urea changes on dialysis. Further development of the technology for routine use can lead to an exciting opportunity for its use in diagnostics and monitoring.
journal_name
Eur J Clin Investjournal_title
European journal of clinical investigationauthors
Ebah LM,Read I,Sayce A,Morgan J,Chaloner C,Brenchley P,Mitra Sdoi
10.1111/j.1365-2362.2012.02657.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-08-01 00:00:00pages
840-7issue
8eissn
0014-2972issn
1365-2362journal_volume
42pub_type
杂志文章abstract::We have examined resting and thrombin (0.3 units ml-1) induced release of noradrenaline by washed platelets from 15 normal subjects and eight patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Platelets from both normal and hypercholesterolaemic subjects showed irreversible aggregation with 0.3 units ml-1 thro...
journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1989.tb00225.x
更新日期:1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Serum testosterone, LH, and FSH before and after i.v. injection of LHRH were studied in ten acromegalic men and in twenty-one males after hypophysectomy. Controls were normal men matched according to age. Compared to the controls, basal FSH was slightly higher and basal LGH slightly lower in the untreated acromegalics...
journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1977.tb01587.x
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abstract:BACKGROUND:The importance of ascorbate on the production of extracellular matrix proteins (as elastin and collagens) is now well documented, but no studies have been published concerning its effects on fibronectin biosynthesis. Fibronectin is important for cell attachment and for proliferation. MATERIALS AND METHODS:T...
journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
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doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00892.x
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
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更新日期:1984-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
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更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
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更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
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更新日期:2005-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1995.tb01556.x
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
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doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1981.tb02013.x
更新日期:1981-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:European journal of clinical investigation
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更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00