Heterozygote advantage as a natural consequence of adaptation in diploids.

abstract：:Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) represent the two central intermediates in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. The recently discovered deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate pathway generates a mixture of IPP and DMAPP in its final step by reductive dehydroxylation of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gräwert T,Span I,Eisenreich W,Rohdich F,Eppinger J,Bacher A,Groll M

更新日期：2010-01-19 00:00:00

abstract：:We define an integer invariant [Formula: see text] of a smooth, compact, closed 4-manifold X by minimizing a certain complexity of a trisection of X over all trisections. The good feature of [Formula: see text] is that when [Formula: see text] and X is a homology 4-sphere, then X is diffeomorphic to the 4-sphere. Natu...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kirby R,Thompson A

更新日期：2018-10-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Plasma membrane fractions from Xenopus laevis oocytes were incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. We show the existence of numerous Ca2+-activated nonspecific channels that are more permeable to anions. These channels are activated by Ca2+ at micromolar concentration but not by Mg2+, Zn2+, or Mn2+, even at millimola...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Young GP,Young JD,Deshpande AK,Goldstein M,Koide SS,Cohn ZA

更新日期：1984-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During organogenesis, the final size of mature cell populations depends on their rates of differentiation and expansion. Because transient expression of Neurogenin3 (Neurog3) in progenitor cells in the developing pancreas initiates their differentiation to mature islet cells, we examined the role of Neurog3 in cell cy...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Miyatsuka T,Kosaka Y,Kim H,German MS

更新日期：2011-01-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Colloquium talks at prestigious universities both create and reflect academic researchers' reputations. Gender disparities in colloquium talks can arise through a variety of mechanisms. The current study examines gender differences in colloquium speakers at 50 prestigious US colleges and universities in 2013-2014. Usi...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Nittrouer CL,Hebl MR,Ashburn-Nardo L,Trump-Steele RCE,Lane DM,Valian V

更新日期：2018-01-02 00:00:00

abstract：:The mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear are required for hearing and balance and have a distinctive apical structure, the hair bundle, that converts mechanical stimuli into electrical signals. This structure comprises a single cilium, the kinocilium, lying adjacent to an ensemble of actin-based projections know...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Honda A,Kita T,Seshadri SV,Misaki K,Ahmed Z,Ladbury JE,Richardson GP,Yonemura S,Ladher RK

更新日期：2018-08-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Synaptic competition is a basic feature of developing neural connections. To shed light on its dependence on the activity pattern of competing inputs, we investigated in vivo rat motoneuronal firing during late embryonic and early neonatal life, when synapse elimination occurs in muscle. Electromyographic recordings w...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Buffelli M,Busetto G,Cangiano L,Cangiano A

更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The steady-state level and synthesis of a pair of polypeptides of Mr 33,000 and 35,000 in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) transformed by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) are significantly decreased relative to normal CEF; however, the decrease is more pronounced in the case of the Mr 35,000 polypeptide. These polypeptides ha...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hendricks M,Weintraub H

更新日期：1981-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The genetic basis for virulence in influenza virus is largely unknown. To explore the mutational basis for increased virulence in the lung, the H3N2 prototype clinical isolate, A/HK/1/68, was adapted to the mouse. Genomic sequencing provided the first demonstration, to our knowledge, that a group of 11 mutations can c...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Brown EG,Liu H,Kit LC,Baird S,Nesrallah M

更新日期：2001-06-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Rhizobia colonize their legume hosts by different modes of entry while initiating symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Most legumes are invaded via growing root hairs by the root hair-curl mechanism, which involves epidermal cell responses. However, invasion of a number of tropical legumes happens through fissures at lateral ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Goormachtig S,Capoen W,James EK,Holsters M

更新日期：2004-04-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Preclinical studies indicate that (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) is a putative fast-acting antidepressant candidate. Although inhibition of NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) is one mechanism proposed to underlie ketamine's antidepressant and adverse effects, the potency of (2R,6R)-HNK to inhibit NMDARs has not ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lumsden EW,Troppoli TA,Myers SJ,Zanos P,Aracava Y,Kehr J,Lovett J,Kim S,Wang FH,Schmidt S,Jenne CE,Yuan P,Morris PJ,Thomas CJ,Zarate CA Jr,Moaddel R,Traynelis SF,Pereira EFR,Thompson SM,Albuquerque EX,Gould TD

更新日期：2019-03-12 00:00:00

abstract：:We have studied the effects of recombinant (r) interleukin 7 (IL-7) on growth and differentiation of marrow pro-B-lymphocyte clones (CB/Bm7, LyD9, LyB9), marrow pro-T-lymphocyte clones (C4-77/3, C4-86/18, C4-95/16), and fetal thymocyte clones (FTH5, FTA2, FTD5) in the presence or absence of the bone marrow stroma clon...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Takeda S,Gillis S,Palacios R

更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We have isolated two cDNA clones, NaPi-2 and NaPi-3, by screening rat kidney cortex and human kidney cortex cDNA libraries, respectively, for expression of sodium-dependent phosphate transport in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Substrate specificity and a detailed kinetic analysis (Na, Pi, H+ concentrations) suggested that ex...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Magagnin S,Werner A,Markovich D,Sorribas V,Stange G,Biber J,Murer H

更新日期：1993-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antiviral drugs targeting viral proteins often result in prompt selection for resistance. Moreover, the number of viral targets is limited. Novel antiviral targets are therefore needed. The unique characteristics of fusion between virion envelopes and cell membranes may provide such targets. Like all fusing bilayers, ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： St Vincent MR,Colpitts CC,Ustinov AV,Muqadas M,Joyce MA,Barsby NL,Epand RF,Epand RM,Khramyshev SA,Valueva OA,Korshun VA,Tyrrell DL,Schang LM

更新日期：2010-10-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Utrophin levels have recently been shown to be more abundant in slow vs. fast muscles, but the nature of the molecular events underlying this difference remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we determined whether this difference is due to the expression of utrophin A or B, and examined whether transcriptional regulato...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Chakkalakal JV,Stocksley MA,Harrison MA,Angus LM,Deschenes-Furry J,St-Pierre S,Megeney LA,Chin ER,Michel RN,Jasmin BJ

更新日期：2003-06-24 00:00:00

abstract：:The proton-translocating subunit of wheat chloroplast ATP synthase is encoded by a chloroplast gene that has been accurately mapped and whose nucleotide sequence has been determined. The predicted sequence of 81 amino acids has been confirmed in part by determination of the sequence of the first 40 amino acids from th...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Howe CJ,Auffret AD,Doherty A,Bowman CM,Dyer TA,Gray JC

更新日期：1982-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:What can be done to reduce unhealthy eating among adolescents? It was hypothesized that aligning healthy eating with important and widely shared adolescent values would produce the needed motivation. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled experiment with eighth graders (total n = 536) evaluated the impact of a...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Bryan CJ,Yeager DS,Hinojosa CP,Chabot A,Bergen H,Kawamura M,Steubing F

更新日期：2016-09-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Expression of luminescence in Escherichia coli was recently achieved by cloning genes from the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri. One DNA fragment on a hybrid plasmid encoded regulatory functions and enzymatic activities necessary for light production. We report the results of a genetic analysis to identify the lumines...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Engebrecht J,Silverman M

更新日期：1984-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Evolution of new enzymatic activities is believed to require a period of gene sharing in which a single enzyme must serve both its original function and a new function that has become advantageous to the organism. Subsequent gene duplication allows one copy to maintain the original function, while the other diverges t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： McLoughlin SY,Copley SD

更新日期：2008-09-09 00:00:00

abstract：:The anti-hapten responses to the dinitrophenyl (Dnp) conjugate of the random linear terpolymers poly(L-Glu,LLys,LPhe), GLphi, or poly(LGlu,LLys,LAla), GLA, are of highly restricted heterogeneity. Thus, individual mice of most responder strains express an average of two to four anti-Dnp clones to Dnp-GLphi or Dnp-GLA, ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kipps TJ,Benacerraf B,Dorf ME

更新日期：1978-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Complete inactivation of the human retinoblastoma gene (RB) is believed to be an essential step in tumorigenesis of several different cancers. To provide a framework for understanding inactivation mechanisms, the structure of RB was delineated. The RB transcript is encoded in 27 exons dispersed over about 200 kilobase...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hong FD,Huang HJ,To H,Young LJ,Oro A,Bookstein R,Lee EY,Lee WH

更新日期：1989-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent studies have shown that orthotopic (transurethral) transplantation of human bladder cancer cell lines into nude mice permits tumor growth that accurately reflects their clinical malignant status in the original host. Thus, such a system allows a unique opportunity to analyze the genetic events involved in the c...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Theodorescu D,Cornil I,Fernandez BJ,Kerbel RS

更新日期：1990-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bones from a stratified sedimentary deposit in the Puu Naio Cave site on Maui, Hawaiian Islands, reveal the late Holocene extinction of 19 species of birds. The age of the sediment and associated fauna was determined by direct radiocarbon dating (tandem particle accelerator-mass spectrometer; TAMS) of amino acids extr...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： James HF,Stafford TW Jr,Steadman DW,Olson SL,Martin PS,Jull AJ,McCoy PC

更新日期：1987-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We report the crystal structure of a translation termination complex formed by the Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome bound with release factor RF2, in response to a UAA stop codon, solved at 3 A resolution. The backbone of helix alpha5 and the side chain of serine of the conserved SPF motif of RF2 recognize U1 and A2 ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Korostelev A,Asahara H,Lancaster L,Laurberg M,Hirschi A,Zhu J,Trakhanov S,Scott WG,Noller HF

更新日期：2008-12-16 00:00:00

abstract：:HIV protease inhibitors are a key component of anti-retroviral therapy, but their susceptibility to cytochrome P(450) metabolism reduces their systemic availability and necessitates repetitive dosing. Importantly, failure to maintain adequate inhibitor levels is believed to provide an opportunity for resistance to eme...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Marinec PS,Chen L,Barr KJ,Mutz MW,Crabtree GR,Gestwicki JE

更新日期：2009-02-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Lung adenocarcinomas harboring activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) represent a common molecular subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases. EGFR mutations predict sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and thus represent a dependency in NSCLCs harboring these alte...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Sharifnia T,Rusu V,Piccioni F,Bagul M,Imielinski M,Cherniack AD,Pedamallu CS,Wong B,Wilson FH,Garraway LA,Altshuler D,Golub TR,Root DE,Subramanian A,Meyerson M

更新日期：2014-12-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Some aspects of pattern formation in developing embryos can be described by nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations. An important class of these models accounts for diffusion and degradation of a locally produced single chemical species. At long times, solutions of such models approach a steady state in which the conce...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gordon PV,Sample C,Berezhkovskii AM,Muratov CB,Shvartsman SY

更新日期：2011-04-12 00:00:00

abstract：:A series of small peptides corresponding to the amino termini of the fibrin alpha- and beta-chains has been synthesized. The peptides glycyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl-L-proline and glycyl-L-prolyl-L-arginylsarcosine are potent inhibitors of fibrin polymerization. Moreover, these peptides have a natural stability stemming fro...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Laudano AP,Doolittle RF

更新日期：1978-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The detrimental effects of elevated intensities of mid-UV radiation (UVB), a result of stratospheric ozone depletion during the austral spring, on the primary producers of the Antarctic marine ecosystem have been well documented. Here we report that natural populations of Antarctic zooplankton also sustain significant...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Malloy KD,Holman MA,Mitchell D,Detrich HW 3rd

更新日期：1997-02-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers are a new class of synthetic polymers with unique structural and physical characteristics. These polymers were investigated for the ability to bind DNA and enhance DNA transfer and expression in a variety of mammalian cell lines. Twenty different types of polyamidoamine dendrimers w...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kukowska-Latallo JF,Bielinska AU,Johnson J,Spindler R,Tomalia DA,Baker JR Jr

更新日期：1996-05-14 00:00:00