Self-enforcing strategies to deter free-riding in the climate change mitigation game and other repeated public good games.

abstract：:Echoviruses have been implicated in multiple human disease syndromes, including aseptic meningitis, paralysis, and heart disease, but no animal model is available for studying the pathogenesis of infection. Production of human integrin very late antigen 2, a receptor for echovirus type 1, in transgenic mice conferred ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hughes SA,Thaker HM,Racaniello VR

更新日期：2003-12-23 00:00:00

abstract：:The absorption spectrum of an activesite specific chromophoric acyl enzyme, sturgeon beta-(2-furyl)-acryloyl-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, is reported. This acyl enzyme undergoes all of the catalyzed reactions characteristic of the intermediate of the physiological acyl enzyme, 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-glycer...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Malhotra OP,Bernhard SA

更新日期：1973-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The human papillomavirus E7 protein is phosphorylated at the two serines in positions 31/32, which are part of a consensus sequence for casein kinase II (CKII). In this study, we have investigated the effect of CKII phosphorylation site mutations, all of which lead to unphosphorylated E7 proteins. The replacement of t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Firzlaff JM,Lüscher B,Eisenman RN

更新日期：1991-06-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Sustained activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) -type glutamate receptors leads to excitotoxic neuronal death in stroke, brain trauma, and neurodegenerative disorders. Superoxide production by NADPH oxidase is a requisite event in the process leading from NMDA receptor activation to excitotoxic death. NADPH oxidas...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lam TI,Brennan-Minnella AM,Won SJ,Shen Y,Hefner C,Shi Y,Sun D,Swanson RA

更新日期：2013-11-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Immunotherapy is emerging as one of the most effective methods for treating many cancers. However, immunotherapy can still introduce significant off-target toxicity, and methods are sought to enable targeted immunotherapy at tumor sites. Here, we show that relatively large (>100-nm) anionic nanoparticles administered ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Haber T,Cornejo YR,Aramburo S,Flores L,Cao P,Liu A,Mooney R,Gilchrist M,Tirughana R,Nwokafor U,Abidi W,Han E,Dellinger T,Wakabayashi MT,Aboody KS,Berlin JM

更新日期：2020-08-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Faster aging is predicted in more active tissues and animals because of greater reactive oxygen species generation. Yet age-related cell loss is greater in less active cell types, such as type II muscle fibers. Mitochondrial uncoupling has been proposed as a mechanism that reduces reactive oxygen species production an...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Amara CE,Shankland EG,Jubrias SA,Marcinek DJ,Kushmerick MJ,Conley KE

更新日期：2007-01-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Circulating platelets have important functions in thrombosis and in modulating immune and inflammatory responses. However, the role of platelets in innate immunity to bacterial infection is largely unexplored. While human platelets rapidly kill Staphylococcus aureus, we found the neonatal pathogen group B Streptococcu...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Uchiyama S,Sun J,Fukahori K,Ando N,Wu M,Schwarz F,Siddiqui SS,Varki A,Marth JD,Nizet V

更新日期：2019-04-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Integrable models form pillars of theoretical physics because they allow for full analytical understanding. Despite being rare, many realistic systems can be described by models that are close to integrable. Therefore, an important question is how small perturbations influence the behavior of solvable models. This is ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Žnidarič M,Ljubotina M

更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The density of cells and neurons in the neocortex of many mammals varies across cortical areas and regions. This variability is, perhaps, most pronounced in primates. Nonuniformity in the composition of cortex suggests regions of the cortex have different specializations. Specifically, regions with densely packed neur...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Collins CE,Turner EC,Sawyer EK,Reed JL,Young NA,Flaherty DK,Kaas JH

更新日期：2016-01-19 00:00:00

abstract：:We have studied the genetic interactions between mutant alleles in 12 genes, designated PER1-PER12, which are essential for peroxisome biogenesis in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Recessive mutations in any of these genes determined three different morphological phenotypes: (i) complete absence of peroxisomes (Per-);...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Titorenko VI,Waterham HR,Cregg JM,Harder W,Veenhuis M

更新日期：1993-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The biosynthesis of fibronectin during the in vivo development of matrix-induced endochondral bone was investigated by using [35S]methionine in rats. The dmineralized bone matrix that was implanted subcutaneously to induce local bone formation bound circulating fibronectin. This may be an important initial requirement...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Weiss RE,Reddi AH

更新日期：1980-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A recent major conceptual advance has been the recognition of the importance of immune system-neuronal interactions in the modulation of brain function, one example of which is spinal pain processing in neuropathic states. Here, we report that in peripheral nerve-injured rats, the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Clark AK,Yip PK,Grist J,Gentry C,Staniland AA,Marchand F,Dehvari M,Wotherspoon G,Winter J,Ullah J,Bevan S,Malcangio M

更新日期：2007-06-19 00:00:00

abstract：:P2X receptors for ATP have a wide range of physiological roles and comprise a structurally distinct family of ligand-gated trimeric ion channels. The crystal structure of a P2X4 receptor, in combination with mutagenesis studies, has provided a model of the intersubunit ATP-binding sites and identified an extracellular...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Roberts JA,Allsopp RC,El Ajouz S,Vial C,Schmid R,Young MT,Evans RJ

更新日期：2012-03-20 00:00:00

abstract：:We report the development of a practical ultrafast allelic profiling assay for the analysis of short tandem repeats (STRs) by using a highly optimized microfluidic electrophoresis device. We have achieved baseline-resolved electrophoretic separations of single-locus STR samples in 30 sec. Analyses of PCR samples conta...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Schmalzing D,Koutny L,Adourian A,Belgrader P,Matsudaira P,Ehrlich D

更新日期：1997-09-16 00:00:00

abstract：:The activation of Janus kinases (JAKs) is crucial for propagation of the proliferative response initiated by many cytokines. The proliferation of various cell lines, particularly those of hematopoietic origin, is also modulated by mediators of oxidative stress such as nitric oxide and thiol redox reagents. Herein we d...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Duhé RJ,Evans GA,Erwin RA,Kirken RA,Cox GW,Farrar WL

更新日期：1998-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Within the trimeric HIV-1 envelope (Env) spike, the first and second variable loops (V1V2 region) and the third variable loop (V3) of the gp120 subunit play dual roles in antibody recognition, because they contain neutralization epitopes and also participate in epitope masking. The spatial relationships between V1V2 a...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Liu L,Cimbro R,Lusso P,Berger EA

更新日期：2011-12-13 00:00:00

abstract：:The Escherichia coli flagellar motor senses the intracellular concentration of the response regulator CheY-P and responds by varying the bias between its counterclockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) rotational states. The response is ultrasensitive with a large Hill coefficient (approximately 10). Recently, the detailed ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Tu Y

更新日期：2008-08-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Aggression is a universal social behavior important for the acquisition of food, mates, territory, and social status. Aggression in Drosophila is context-dependent and can thus be expected to involve inputs from multiple sensory modalities. Here, we use mechanical disruption and genetic approaches in Drosophila melano...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Versteven M,Vanden Broeck L,Geurten B,Zwarts L,Decraecker L,Beelen M,Göpfert MC,Heinrich R,Callaerts P

更新日期：2017-02-21 00:00:00

abstract：:Hepatocellular injury during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been postulated to result from a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted T-lymphocyte host immune response against HBV antigens. Although HLA expression is enhanced in the presence of hepatic inflammation, whether HBV itself can induce HLA expression ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hu KQ,Vierling JM,Siddiqui A

更新日期：1990-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The oxygen isotope record of the last million years, as provided by a deep sea core sediment, is analyzed by a method recently developed in the theory of dynamical systems. The analysis suggests that climatic variability is the manifestation of a chaotic dynamics described by an attractor of fractal dimensionality. A ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Nicolis C,Nicolis G

更新日期：1986-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The results of normal-mode analyses are in accord with the proposal that a low-frequency motion of the HhaI methyltransferase enzyme is responsible for base flipping in bound DNA. The vectors of the low-frequency normal mode of residues Ser-85 and Ile-86 point directly to the phosphate and ribose moieties of the DNA b...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Luo J,Bruice TC

更新日期：2005-11-08 00:00:00

abstract：:An endogenous circadian biological clock controls the temporal aspects of life in most organisms, including rhythmic control of genes involved in clock output pathways. In the fungus Neurospora crassa, one pathway known to be under control of the clock is asexual spore (conidia) development. To understand more fully t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Bell-Pedersen D,Shinohara ML,Loros JJ,Dunlap JC

更新日期：1996-11-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Loss of a whole chromosome 5 or a deletion of its long arm (5q) is a recurring abnormality in malignant myeloid neoplasms. To determine the location of genes on 5q that may be involved in leukemogenesis, we examined the deleted chromosome 5 homologs in a series of 135 patients with malignant myeloid diseases. By compa...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Le Beau MM,Espinosa R 3rd,Neuman WL,Stock W,Roulston D,Larson RA,Keinanen M,Westbrook CA

更新日期：1993-06-15 00:00:00

abstract：:CBP is a transcriptional coactivator required by many transcription factors for transactivation. Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, which is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by abnormal pattern formation, has been shown to be associated with mutations in the Cbp gene. Furthermore, Drosophila CBP is required in hed...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Tanaka Y,Naruse I,Maekawa T,Masuya H,Shiroishi T,Ishii S

更新日期：1997-09-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles critical for plant and human development because they house essential metabolic functions, such as fatty acid β-oxidation. The interacting ATPases PEX1 and PEX6 contribute to peroxisome function by recycling PEX5, a cytosolic receptor needed to import proteins targeted to the pero...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gonzalez KL,Ratzel SE,Burks KH,Danan CH,Wages JM,Zolman BK,Bartel B

更新日期：2018-04-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Observations made during the last ten years with the Chandra X-ray Observatory have shed much light on the cooling gas in the centers of clusters of galaxies and the role of active galactic nucleus (AGN) heating. Cooling of the hot intracluster medium in cluster centers can feed the supermassive black holes found in t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Blanton EL,Clarke TE,Sarazin CL,Randall SW,McNamara BR

更新日期：2010-04-20 00:00:00

abstract：:We analyzed the relationship of genetic factors determining the expression of endogenous type-C RNA tumor viruses and other host-gene markers to tumorigenesis. A hybridization experiment was performed with mice of strains AKR/J and C57L, the first filial (F(1)) generation hybrids, the second filial (F(2)) generation h...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Meier H,Taylor BA,Cherry M,Buebner RJ

更新日期：1973-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To identify genes important for hair-cell function, we conducted a mutagenic screen in zebrafish. Larvae from one mutant line, ru848, were unresponsive to acoustic stimuli and unable to balance. The mutation results in a 90% reduction in hair-cell number and partial retinal degeneration by 5 days postfertilization. We...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Starr CJ,Kappler JA,Chan DK,Kollmar R,Hudspeth AJ

更新日期：2004-02-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Cities are concentrated areas of CO2 emissions and have become the foci of policies for mitigation actions. However, atmospheric measurement networks suitable for evaluating urban emissions over time are scarce. Here we present a unique long-term (decadal) record of CO2 mole fractions from five sites across Utah's met...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mitchell LE,Lin JC,Bowling DR,Pataki DE,Strong C,Schauer AJ,Bares R,Bush SE,Stephens BB,Mendoza D,Mallia D,Holland L,Gurney KR,Ehleringer JR

更新日期：2018-03-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent observations suggest that p53 mutations are responsible not only for growth of primary tumors but also for their dissemination. However, mechanisms involved in p53-mediated control of cell motility and invasion remain poorly understood. By using the primary ovarian surface epithelium cell culture, we show that ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hwang CI,Matoso A,Corney DC,Flesken-Nikitin A,Körner S,Wang W,Boccaccio C,Thorgeirsson SS,Comoglio PM,Hermeking H,Nikitin AY

更新日期：2011-08-23 00:00:00