Abstract:
:An important development in cognitive remediation of schizophrenia is a focus on motivation. However, following a distinction between the concepts of intrinsic motivation (IM) and extrinsic motivation, discussions of IM-based methods have downplayed or misrepresented the role that extrinsic rewards can, and actually do, serve to promote positive treatment outcomes in cognitive remediation. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to explore the rationale for using techniques incorporating extrinsic rewards into cognitive treatment of people with schizophrenia. To do this, evidence is presented on each of the following points: (1) there is a long history of research demonstrating that delivery of extrinsic reward is associated with positive outcomes in both behavioral and cognitive rehabilitation; (2) basic human brain systems respond strongly to tangible rewards, and this can directly enhance attention, working memory, and other cognitive functions; (3) nearly all data on the negative effects of extrinsic reward on IM have come from studies of healthy children and adults in school or work settings who have adequate IM for target tasks; these findings do not generalize well to cognitive remediation settings for people with schizophrenia, who often have abnormally low levels of IM and low base rates of attentive behaviors; and (4) in real-world situations, cognitive remediation interventions already utilize a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcers. Future studies are needed to clarify state and trait factors responsible for individual differences in the extent to which extrinsic rewards are necessary to set the conditions under which IM can develop.
journal_name
Schizophr Bulljournal_title
Schizophrenia bulletinauthors
Silverstein SMdoi
10.1093/schbul/sbp160subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-09-01 00:00:00pages
949-56issue
5eissn
0586-7614issn
1745-1701pii
sbp160journal_volume
36pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Despite NIMH efforts to facilitate the study of women and minorities in federally funded schizophrenia research, there is a significant lack of information about race differences in brain morphology and neuropsychological function in schizophrenia. A review of three major psychiatric journals between 1994 and 1996 rev...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033358
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The prodrome of psychosis has become a target for early identification and for treatments that address both symptoms and risk for future psychosis. Interest and activity in this realm is now worldwide. Clinical trials with rigorous methodology have only just begun, making treatment guidelines premature. Despite the sp...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm025
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The sex chromosomes are strong candidates for a genetic locus for schizophrenia and the affective psychoses. Gender differences in the clinical expression of illness and familial risks, concordance for gender and illness in relatives, and an association of X chromosome anomalies with psychosis suggest an X chromosome ...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/schbul/15.3.431
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Emotion dysregulation is crucial to both poor social functioning and psychotic symptom formation in patients with schizophrenia. The efficient use of emotion regulation strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal, has been less frequently observed in the early phases of psychotic disorder. It is unknown whethe...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa080
更新日期:2021-01-23 00:00:00
abstract::The study of sexual dimorphism in brain morphology may help delineate subtypes of schizophrenia based, in part, on sex; yield insight into the relationship between brain structure and behavior; and provide a neurodevelopmental context for studying the ontogenesis of schizophrenia. Preliminary findings from an ongoing ...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/16.2.195
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Impaired attention is commonly observed among schizophrenia patients and those at genetic risk for the disease. This article reviews over 40 studies that used various versions of the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) as the primary measure of attention. These studies of normal subjects, affected patients, and various ...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/schbul/20.1.31
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Our study investigated premorbid functioning, course, and outcome in early-onset schizophrenia. All inpatients with DSM-III-R diagnoses of schizophrenia (n = 101) consecutively admitted between 1983 and 1988 to the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the University of Marburg in Germany were included. To ...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi014
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Delusions, the fixed false beliefs characteristic of psychotic illness, have long defied understanding despite their response to pharmacological treatments (e.g., D2 receptor antagonists). However, it can be challenging to discern what makes beliefs delusional compared with other unusual or erroneous beliefs. We sugge...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw194
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This research studied hypotheses that positive thought disorder in schizophrenia is influenced by patients' not taking in immediate target contextual material, thereby losing vital cues that guide thought processes. We assessed 164 acute inpatients (including 55 schizophrenia and 31 bipolar disorder patients), using s...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033502
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A number of psychosocial treatments are available for persons with schizophrenia that include social skills training, cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive remediation, and social cognition training. These treatments are reviewed and discussed in terms of how they address key components of functional recovery such a...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn177
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Advances in treatment technologies and development of evidence-based standards of care demand better methods for routine assessment of outcomes for schizophrenia in systems of care. This article describes the development and psychometrics of a new instrument to assess outcomes of routine care for persons with schizoph...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007001
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clozapine can cause severe adverse effects yet it is associated with reduced mortality risk. We test the hypothesis this association is due to increased clinical monitoring and investigate risk of premature mortality from natural causes. We identified 14 754 individuals (879 deaths) with serious mental illness (SMI) i...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu120
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The early detection and intervention in psychoses prior to their first episode are presently based on the symptomatic ultra-high-risk and the basic symptom criteria. Current models of symptom development assume that basic symptoms develop first, followed by attenuated and, finally, frank psychotic symptoms, though int...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz140
更新日期:2020-07-08 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Both neurocognitive impairments and a history of childhood abuse are highly prevalent in patients with schizophrenia. Childhood trauma has been associated with memory impairment as well as hippocampal volume reduction in adult survivors. The aim of the following study was to examine the contribution of childh...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp096
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Brief Limited Intermittent Psychotic Symptoms (BLIPS) are key inclusion criteria to define individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis (UHR). Their diagnostic and prognostic significance is unclear. OBJECTIVES:To address the baseline diagnostic relationship between BLIPS and the ICD-10 categories and exami...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw151
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spatial working memory (WM) processing has 3 distinct phases: encoding, maintenance, and retrieval and its dysfunction is a core feature in schizophrenia. We examined phase-specific brain activations associated with spatial WM in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia (genetic high risk, GHR), ultra-high risk (UHR) s...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr038
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS) includes neuropsychological deficits in attention, working memory, verbal learning, and problem solving. These deficits have been shown to be linked to impairment in functional status (eg, social behavior, work performance, and activities of daily living) among...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl004
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The two indices that have been proposed for quantifying the accuracy of smooth-following eye movements are shown to be interchangeable. This algebraic fact will permit comparability of values between laboratories only if workers who employ the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) as their index measure S and N as the total sig...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/7.2.204
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A critique is offered of Samuels' article suggesting that reported sex differences in concordance rates for schizophrenia are either methodological artifacts or a function of sociological processes. Evidence of sex differences in age of onset, clinical expression, concordance rates among primary relatives, and premorb...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/5.1.4
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study tested hypothesized relationships between neuropsychological and psychophysiological variables and concurrent levels of clinical and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia. The sample consisted of 40 subjects diagnosed with a chronic schizophrenia spectrum disorder and living in community-based settings....
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/23.1.19
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Little is known about the neurobiological factors that determine functional outcome in people at high risk for psychosis. We use multimodal neuroimaging to investigate whether cortical responses during a cognitive task and thalamic glutamate levels were associated with subsequent functional outcome. Sixty subjects par...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu115
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cognitive models of interpersonal problem solving have been proposed for, but infrequently tested on, samples of schizophrenia subjects. This study undertook to examine the relationships between the receiving, processing, and sending skills that comprise one model of interpersonal problem solving with information proc...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/21.3.395
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Instrument-based scores are often used as outcome measures. However, little is known about what changes in scores mean in terms of a clinical assessment of improvement or deterioration. The purpose of this report was to determine how much change in standard instrument scores represents a clinically detectable improvem...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006869
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The "Praecox Feeling" (PF) is a classical concept referring to a characteristic feeling of bizarreness experienced by a psychiatrist while encountering a person with schizophrenia. Although the PF used to be considered a core symptom of the schizophrenia spectrum, it fell into disuse since the spread of operationalize...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/schbul/sby172
更新日期:2019-09-11 00:00:00
abstract::In 1994 Link and Stueve identified a number of symptoms--called threat/control-override (TCO) symptoms--that were significantly more than others related to violence. This was confirmed by some, but not all, following studies. The contradictory results could be due to remarkable differences in sample compositions, sour...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007066
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The poverty and lack of social role in the lives of many people with schizophrenia seem similar to those of people in long-term unemployment, raising the possibility that there may be some commonalities in their time use and community functioning. To test this possibility, the social anxiety, time use, and activity pa...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/22.4.659
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 1917, Eugen Bleuler published an article (Mendelismus bei Psychosen, speziell bei der Schizophrenie [Mendelism in the Psychoses, especially Schizophrenia]) in response to the recently published first systematic family study of dementia praecox (DP) by Ernst Rüdin, then working under Kraepelin in Munich. Although br...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz131
更新日期:2020-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Motor abnormalities in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) have increasingly attracted scientific interest in the past years. However, the neural mechanisms underlying parkinsonism in SSD are unclear. The present multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study examined SSD patients with and without parkinsonism, ...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa007
更新日期:2020-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Advances in psychopharmacology have produced medications with substantial efficacy in the treatment of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and the prevention of relapse or symptom exacerbation after an acute episode. In the clinical setting, the individual patient's acceptance or rejection of prescribed ph...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/schbul/23.4.637
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Psychotic experiences may be understood as altered information processing due to aberrant neural computations. A prominent example of such neural computations is the computation of prediction errors (PEs), which signal the difference between expected and experienced events. Among other areas showing PE coding, hippoca...
journal_title:Schizophrenia bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/schbul/sby154
更新日期:2019-09-11 00:00:00