Maintenance of host variation in tolerance to pathogens and parasites.

abstract：:Commonly considered strategies for reducing the environmental impact of light-duty transportation include using alternative fuels and improving vehicle fuel economy. We evaluate the air quality-related human health impacts of 10 such options, including the use of liquid biofuels, diesel, and compressed natural gas (CN...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Tessum CW,Hill JD,Marshall JD

更新日期：2014-12-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Outdoor ozone transported indoors initiates oxidative chemistry, forming volatile organic products. The influence of ozone chemistry on indoor air composition has not been directly quantified in normally occupied residences. Here, we explore indoor ozone chemistry in a house in California with two adult inhabitants. W...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Liu Y,Misztal PK,Arata C,Weschler CJ,Nazaroff WW,Goldstein AH

更新日期：2021-02-09 00:00:00

abstract：:alpha-Trichosanthin, a eukaryotic ribosome-inactivating protein from Trichosanthes kirilowii, inhibits the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro. The alpha-trichosanthin gene was placed under the transcriptional control of a tobamovirus subgenomic promoter in a plant RNA viral vector. Two week...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kumagai MH,Turpen TH,Weinzettl N,della-Cioppa G,Turpen AM,Donson J,Hilf ME,Grantham GL,Dawson WO,Chow TP

更新日期：1993-01-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The 5' flanking regions of the mouse renin genes (Ren1d and Ren2d) contain putative negative control and cAMP responsive elements. Sequence analysis shows additionally that these putative control elements in the Ren2d gene are interrupted by a 160-base-pair insertion. To document the functions of these elements, we is...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Nakamura N,Burt DW,Paul M,Dzau VJ

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The chemokine receptor CCR5 is the major coreceptor for infection by macrophage-tropic R5 HIV-1. A 32-bp deletion in the gene coding for CCR5 (CCR5Delta32) occurs with a frequency of 10% in the Caucasian population and results in a receptor protein that is truncated and not expressed at the cell surface. CCR5Delta32 h...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ditzel HJ,Rosenkilde MM,Garred P,Wang M,Koefoed K,Pedersen C,Burton DR,Schwartz TW

更新日期：1998-04-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Several nonclassical major histocompatibilty antigens (class Ib molecules) have emerged as key players in the early immune response to pathogens or stress. Class Ib molecules activate subsets of T cells that mount effector responses before the adaptive immune system, and thus are called innate T cells. MR1 is a novel ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Huang S,Martin E,Kim S,Yu L,Soudais C,Fremont DH,Lantz O,Hansen TH

更新日期：2009-05-19 00:00:00

abstract：:We have devised a method for mapping sites on DNA within the nucleus that are protected against nuclease attack by interaction with bound protein or other factors. This "footprinting" method uses an end-labeled sequence-specific DNA probe, which is annealed to the DNA from nuclear digests under carefully controlled co...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Jackson PD,Felsenfeld G

更新日期：1985-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nitric oxide-releasing compounds were shown to activate an ADP-ribosyltransferase activity in the cytosol of Dictyostelium discoideum. The enzyme ADP-ribosylated a cytosolic protein of approximately 41 kDa, p41. Neither cGMP nor GTP and its analogues affected this ADP-ribosylation. p41 differs from other substrates AD...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Tao Y,Howlett A,Klein C

更新日期：1992-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The main consequence of the Chernobyl accident has been an increase in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) in those exposed to radioactive fallout as young children. Our aim was to identify genomic alterations that are associated with exposure to radiation. We used array comparative genomic hybridization to analyze a ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hess J,Thomas G,Braselmann H,Bauer V,Bogdanova T,Wienberg J,Zitzelsberger H,Unger K

更新日期：2011-06-07 00:00:00

abstract：:Ribonucleotide reductase provides deoxynucleotides for nuclear and mitochondrial (mt) DNA replication and repair. The mammalian enzyme consists of a catalytic (R1) and a radical-generating (R2 or p53R2) subunit. During S-phase, a R1/R2 complex is the major provider of deoxynucleotides. p53R2 is induced by p53 after DN...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Pontarin G,Fijolek A,Pizzo P,Ferraro P,Rampazzo C,Pozzan T,Thelander L,Reichard PA,Bianchi V

更新日期：2008-11-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Thioredoxin (Trx) is an intracellular redox protein with extracellular cytokine-like and chemokine-like activities. We show here that, although plasma Trx levels are unrelated to survival of HIV-infected individuals with CD4 cell counts above 200/microl blood, survival is significantly impaired (P = 0.003) when plasma...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Nakamura H,De Rosa SC,Yodoi J,Holmgren A,Ghezzi P,Herzenberg LA,Herzenberg LA

更新日期：2001-02-27 00:00:00

abstract：:The ubiquitin ligase Siah2 has been shown to regulate prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) stability with concomitant effect on HIF-1alpha availability. Because HIF-1alpha is implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis, we used SW1 mouse melanoma cells, which develop primary tumors with a propensity to metastasize, in a syngene...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Qi J,Nakayama K,Gaitonde S,Goydos JS,Krajewski S,Eroshkin A,Bar-Sagi D,Bowtell D,Ronai Z

更新日期：2008-10-28 00:00:00

abstract：:The adenovirus (Ad) early region 3 (E3) genes code for at least four proteins that inhibit the host immune responses mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and tumor necrosis factor alpha. To evaluate the potential use of these immunoregulatory viral functions in facilitating allogeneic cell transplantation, the Ad E3 ge...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Efrat S,Fejer G,Brownlee M,Horwitz MS

更新日期：1995-07-18 00:00:00

abstract：:We have used the spreading behavior of small drops of several fluorocarbon fluids and silicone oil on air-liquid interfaces to measure the surface tension of lungs in situ. The test fluids were calibrated in a surface balance at 37 degrees on monolayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. At particular surface tensions...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Schürch S,Goerke J,Clements JA

更新日期：1976-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We present a method for designing a funnel-shaped free-energy surface that reproducibly assembles secondary structure elements of proteins into their native conformations from a random extended configuration. Assuming a priori knowledge of secondary structure, our method can design a funnel-shaped surface for folding ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Fain B,Levitt M

更新日期：2003-09-16 00:00:00

abstract：:We recently reported the hemochromatosis-like phenotype observed in our Usf2 knockout mice. In these mice, as in murine models of hemochromatosis and patients with hereditary hemochromatosis, iron accumulates in parenchymal cells (in particular, liver and pancreas), whereas the reticuloendothelial system is spared fro...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Nicolas G,Bennoun M,Porteu A,Mativet S,Beaumont C,Grandchamp B,Sirito M,Sawadogo M,Kahn A,Vaulont S

更新日期：2002-04-02 00:00:00

abstract：:Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins kill some key insect pests and thus can reduce reliance on insecticides. Widespread planting of such Bt crops increased concerns that their usefulness would be cut short by rapid evolution of resistance to Bt toxins by pests. Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gos...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Tabashnik BE,Dennehy TJ,Carrière Y

更新日期：2005-10-25 00:00:00

abstract：:T cell-dependent B-cell responses decline with age, suggesting defective CD4 T-cell function. CD4 memory T cells from individuals older than 65 y displayed increased and sustained transcription of the dual-specific phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) that shortened expression of CD40-ligand (CD40L) and inducible T-cell costimulator...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Yu M,Li G,Lee WW,Yuan M,Cui D,Weyand CM,Goronzy JJ

更新日期：2012-04-10 00:00:00

abstract：:The stator ring of the bacterial flagellar motor is composed of the MotA and MotB proteins that act together to generate a turning force (torque) acting on the FliG ring of the rotor. The C-terminal domain of MotB (MotB-C) is believed to anchor the MotA/MotB complex to peptidoglycan (PG) of the cell wall. The first cr...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Roujeinikova A

更新日期：2008-07-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Representations of scientific knowledge must reflect the dynamic nature of knowledge construction and the evolving networks of relations between scientific concepts. In this article, we describe initial work toward dynamic, visual methods and tools that support the construction, communication, revision, and applicatio...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： MacEachren AM,Gahegan M,Pike W

更新日期：2004-04-06 00:00:00

abstract：:To address the significance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we have used reverse transcriptase-initiated PCR to measure HIV-1 mRNA expression in PBMC specimens collected from a cohort of HIV-infected individuals during a long-term prospective study. We f...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Saksela K,Stevens C,Rubinstein P,Baltimore D

更新日期：1994-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Studies in rodents and nonhuman primates have linked the activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors within the hippocampus to animals' performance on memory-related tasks. However, whether these receptors are similarly essential for human memory is still an open question. Here we present evidence suggesting tha...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Grunwald T,Beck H,Lehnertz K,Blümcke I,Pezer N,Kurthen M,Fernández G,Van Roost D,Heinze HJ,Kutas M,Elger CE

更新日期：1999-10-12 00:00:00

abstract：:A goal of regenerative medicine is to identify cardiovascular progenitors from human ES cells (hESCs) that can functionally integrate into the human heart. Previous studies to evaluate the developmental potential of candidate hESC-derived progenitors have delivered these cells into murine and porcine cardiac tissue, w...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ardehali R,Ali SR,Inlay MA,Abilez OJ,Chen MQ,Blauwkamp TA,Yazawa M,Gong Y,Nusse R,Drukker M,Weissman IL

更新日期：2013-02-26 00:00:00

abstract：:The nuclear lamina is a network of structural filaments, the A and B type lamins, located at the nuclear envelope and throughout the nucleus. Lamin filaments provide the nucleus with mechanical stability and support many basic activities, including gene regulation. Mutations in LMNA, the gene encoding A type lamins, c...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Dahl KN,Scaffidi P,Islam MF,Yodh AG,Wilson KL,Misteli T

更新日期：2006-07-05 00:00:00

abstract：:The role of ornithine decarboxylase (OrnDCase, EC 4.1.1.17) and of the polyamines [putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm)] in mouse skin tumor promotion was investigated by the use of alpha-difluoromethylornithine (CHF2-Orn), an enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of OrnDCase. 12-O-Tetradecanoylpho...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Weeks CE,Herrmann AL,Nelson FR,Slaga TJ

更新日期：1982-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nucleotide excision repair proteins have been implicated in genetic recombination by experiments in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster, but their role, if any, in mammalian cells is undefined. To investigate the role of the nucleotide excision repair gene ERCC1, the hamster homologue to the S. cerevi...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Sargent RG,Rolig RL,Kilburn AE,Adair GM,Wilson JH,Nairn RS

更新日期：1997-11-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent advances indicate that, in various chronic inflammatory disorders, the activation of the immune system is triggered locally rather than in lymphoid organs. In this study, we have evaluated whether the humoral alloimmune response involved in chronic rejection is elicited within the graft. We used the rat aortic ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Thaunat O,Field AC,Dai J,Louedec L,Patey N,Bloch MF,Mandet C,Belair MF,Bruneval P,Meilhac O,Bellon B,Joly E,Michel JB,Nicoletti A

更新日期：2005-10-11 00:00:00

abstract：:Focally evoked calcium waves in astrocyte cultures have been thought to propagate by gap-junction-mediated intercellular passage of chemical signal(s). In contrast to this mechanism we observed isolated astrocytes, which had no physical contact with other astrocytes in the culture, participating in a calcium wave. Thi...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hassinger TD,Guthrie PB,Atkinson PB,Bennett MV,Kater SB

更新日期：1996-11-12 00:00:00

abstract：:A system for studying Z-DNA formation in the Escherichia coli chromosome was developed. Prior investigations in recombinant plasmids showed that alternating (Pur-Pyr) sequences can adopt a left-handed Z-DNA conformation both in vitro and in vivo. We constructed mobile, transposon-based cassettes carrying cloned (Pur-P...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lukomski S,Wells RD

更新日期：1994-10-11 00:00:00

abstract：:Engaging mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activate both the NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Here we establish that mitogen-activated protein 3 kinase Tpl2, levels of which are markedly reduced in nfkb1(-/-) cells, is required for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activa...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Banerjee A,Gugasyan R,McMahon M,Gerondakis S

更新日期：2006-02-28 00:00:00