Abstract:
PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Gynecomastia is a common finding in adolescent men. The primary care provider should feel equipped to thoroughly evaluate this condition and to differentiate physiologic from pathologic breast enlargement. The present review focuses on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment of gynecomastia during adolescence. RECENT FINDINGS:While gynecomastia has long been attributed to an imbalance between estrogen and androgen concentrations, recent literature has begun to illuminate other potential mechanisms for breast development in adolescent men. Increased leptin levels, as well as human chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone receptors on male breast tissue, may play a role. Newer treatment strategies, such as the antiestrogen raloxifene, have shown promising results; however, further studies are needed to determine long-term efficacy. As a result of the limited pharmaceutical treatment options, many more adolescents are seeking surgical intervention. SUMMARY:Gynecomastia is frequently encountered in the primary care setting. During adolescence, male breast enlargement is most often benign and rarely represents a pathologic mechanism. Careful attention should be paid to both the breast and testicular examination. A detailed history should include an inquiry regarding the use of illicit substances, anabolic-androgenic steroids, herbal products, and medications. The impact of gynecomastia on the adolescent's mental health should be assessed. A workup for pathologic causes is rarely required. Reassurance remains the standard of care for physiologic gynecomastia.
journal_name
Curr Opin Pediatrjournal_title
Current opinion in pediatricsauthors
Nordt CA,DiVasta ADdoi
10.1097/MOP.0b013e328306a07csubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-08-01 00:00:00pages
375-82issue
4eissn
1040-8703issn
1531-698Xpii
00008480-200808000-00003journal_volume
20pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Bacterial meningitis is an important problem in childhood. Vaccines can prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b disease and are being developed for infections caused by meningococci and pneumococci. Lumbar puncture is an important part of the diagnostic workup although care is required with its use. Once meningitis is d...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00008480-199402000-00006
更新日期:1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Slipped capital femoral epiphysis remains a diagnostic problem despite numerous papers written on the subject. The most important factor in the diagnosis of slipped capital femoral epiphysis is suspicion by the practitioner. The history, physical examination, and radiographic imaging are important in the confirmation ...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00008480-199902000-00016
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pediatric cardiac intensive care has emerged as a distinct clinical entity to meet the unique needs of pediatric patients with congenital and acquired heart disease. This new subspecialty demands expertise and experience in the pediatric subspecialties of cardiology, intensive care, cardiac surgery, cardiac anesthesia...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00008480-200006000-00011
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Over 80% of children diagnosed with cancer are now cured. The burgeoning population of survivors of childhood cancer experiences high rates of morbidity and mortality due to 'late-effects' of treatment. These can be defined as any consequence of treatment that persists beyond or develops after the com...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000681
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is one of the most common causes for anterior knee pain in children and adolescents resulting from a traction apophysitis of the tibial tubercle. While a peak in boys aged 12-15 years old was well documented, there seems to be no difference in sex distribution nowadays. ...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000842
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:An understanding of vaccine safety is important for all immunization providers, who have responsibilities to identify, report, and prevent adverse events. RECENT FINDINGS:New analytic methods can provide more rapid information on adverse events compared with traditional observational studies. Some ad...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283350425
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:This review summarizes for the pediatrician the current understanding of normal cerebellar and brainstem development, and then discusses selected malformations to highlight advances in the area. The impact of prematurity on cerebellar growth and development is then examined. The important insights pro...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32801080e8
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The sustained improvements in pediatric cancer therapy are partially due to the large randomized and nonrandomized studies being conducted by multidisciplinary cooperative groups. Theoretic concepts of chemotherapy are better knowledge of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug resistance of current and new d...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00008480-199302000-00019
更新日期:1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper reviews recent studies of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, focusing on research with implications for adolescents. Only 10 of the 31 recent investigations discussed employed an exclusively adolescent sample, necessitating considerable extrapolation from studies of children or adults or mixed sample...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00008480-199608000-00003
更新日期:1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Smoking prevention during childhood and adolescence is critical to the successful reduction of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in the United States. The research literature is replete with surveys describing youth smoking acquisition and related factors. In addition to its direct harm, tobacco use may be a gat...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00008480-199706000-00006
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neonatal infections range from early-onset vertically acquired infections to nosocomial bacterial sepsis, and they account for significant morbidity and mortality globally. The recent emergence of perinatally acquired HIV-1 infection has also placed an enormous burden on existing meager health resources in developing ...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00008480-199704000-00003
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have become the mainstay of therapy in chronic childhood asthma. Despite the long history and the documented efficacy of these drugs in controlling asthma, concerns still abound regarding the safety of these drugs in children, most specifically related to the potential for adrenal suppres...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00008480-200112000-00005
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:P450 oxidoreductase deficiency--a newly described form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia--typically presents a steroid profile suggesting combined deficiencies of steroid 21-hydroxylase and 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase activities. These and other enzymes require electron donation from P450 oxidored...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000236395.71956.5c
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Spondylolysis is a common cause for back pain in the adolescent athlete. Increased awareness of the presentation of this subset of patients can aid in optimal outcomes. This paper aims to review the typical presentation of spondylolysis in the adolescent with specific focus on the adolescent athlete. ...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32834255c2
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cerebral palsy is caused by a static lesion to the cerebral motor cortex that is acquired before, at, or within 5 years of birth. Multiple causes for the condition exist and include cerebral anoxia, cerebral hemorrhage, infection, and genetic syndromes. Cerebral palsy is commonly classified according to the type of mo...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00008480-199702000-00017
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Choledochal cysts are a relatively rare abnormality in the West but are more common in the East. The etiology of choledochal cysts remains unknown. Recently, the incidence in neonates and young infants has been increasing due to advances in diagnostic imaging, including antenatal diagnosis. Choledochal cysts can prese...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00008480-199706000-00018
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:To highlight recent advances in management of peanut allergy. RECENT FINDINGS:Peanut allergy presents during early childhood. The prevalence of peanut allergy in children in developed countries appears to be increasing. Several factors, such as peanut-specific or environmental, are hypothesized as co...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833d95cb
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) complicates the course of many cardiovascular, pulmonary and other systemic diseases in children. The physiological sequelae (pulmonary hypertension and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance) can overwhelm the right ventricle and lead to circulatory collapse. Despite ...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000626
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Juvenile myasthenia gravis is a relatively rare autoimmune neuromuscular disorder. The pathophysiology of juvenile myasthenia gravis is similar to that of adult myasthenia gravis, though there remain important differences regarding presentation and therapeutic options. We review the pathophysiology, c...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328365ad16
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The right ventricle (RV) is uniquely at risk in many patients with repaired or palliated congenital heart disease (CHD) such as tetralogy of Fallot, corrected transposition, single right ventricle, and in those with pulmonary hypertension. These patients live with abnormal cardiac loading conditions t...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000268
更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Risk factors for infant development are considered in three areas: infant temperament, postpartum depression, and prenatal cocaine exposure. Investigations of all three areas indicate that contextual characteristics of infant development must be incorporated into models attempting to link early risk factors with later...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00008480-199408000-00009
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Complement mediated hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) accounts for a significant proportion of non-shiga toxin HUS. The purpose of this review is to outline the pathophysiology, clinical features and therapeutic options for aHUS. RECENT FINDINGS:In the last decade, strides have been made in identifyin...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32835df48a
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Neurodevelopmental-behavioural paediatrics (NBP) is a field of medical practice that has arisen in response to recent changes in child health epidemiology. This review considers how the profession of NBP is addressing clinical need, and discusses possibilities for future development of the field. REC...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000819
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:This article reviews the importance of appropriate developmental surveillance in early childhood, what is known about its effectiveness in current pediatric practice, and ways in which its delivery can be improved to optimize child outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS:Many infants and young children with develo...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00008480-200312000-00014
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The delineation of syndromes carrying a predisposition to malignancy has led to great insights into the molecular biology of malignancy. Many such syndromes have cutaneous findings which can precede the development of neoplasia. Early recognition of the cutaneous stigmata of the genodermatoses with ma...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e3282495939
更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:This update explores the current management options for adolescent obesity with a specific focus on bariatric surgery. RECENT FINDINGS:Research has highlighted the serious health complications associated with adolescent obesity and thus emphasized the need for effective interventions. With the increa...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000243
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Nonaccidental trauma and neglect continue to be major problems for children, families, and the providers who care for them. Whereas prevention is the key to ending child abuse and neglect, diagnosis and treatment continue to be the mainstays of practice. This article will briefly review the epidemiolo...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00008480-200404000-00022
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:In fiscally challenging times, scientists must seek creative strategies and leverage existing resources to advance research. RECENT FINDINGS:This review describes programmes supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to promote resear...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328364b8a7
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:This article reviews three common abnormalities requiring surgical treatment in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD): Ebstein's anomaly, the failing Fontan, and pulmonary valve disease. RECENT FINDINGS:As of 2000, more adults than children are alive with CHD. Each year, more of these adults wit...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283303fa7
更新日期:2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tarsal coalition is a common abnormality of the hindfoot skeleton that only rarely leads to symptoms. These symptoms occur most commonly in adolescence but rarely can be found also in adults. Although most coalitions are congenital, as the consequence of autosomal dominant inheritance, coalitions also can be acquired ...
journal_title:Current opinion in pediatrics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00008480-200102000-00005
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00