Abstract:
:Litter size and mammary number in the mammalian order Rodentia show a significant positive correlation. Mean litter size is typically one-half the number of available mammaries, while maximum litter size approximates mammary number. Similar relationships are found in the families Muridae, Cricetidae, and Sciuridae. The relationship of litter size to mammary number is significantly different between the arboreal and terrestrial squirrels, and between the hystricomorph and nonhystricomorph rodents. Mammary number may have operated as a selective constraint on litter size over evolutionary time.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Gilbert ANdoi
10.1073/pnas.83.13.4828subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1986-07-01 00:00:00pages
4828-30issue
13eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
83pub_type
杂志文章abstract::We have developed an approach for deriving and characterizing antigen-receptor (CD3/Ti) signal-transduction mutants. This strategy combines receptor-mediated growth inhibition and fluorescence-activated cell sorting with the Ca2+-indicator indo-1. Despite the expression of structurally normal CD3/Ti complexes, one suc...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.84.19.6879
更新日期:1987-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In organisms possessing a dispersal phase the processes of mating, competition, feeding, and predation are often carried out within "trait-groups," defined as populations enclosed in areas smaller than the boundaries of the deme. A simple model shows that this can lead to the selection of "altruistic" traits that favo...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.72.1.143
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glucose entry, as measured by 5-min uptake into the acid-soluble fraction, is enhanced 15-30 times by long-term (12-24 hr) hexose starvation of chick fibroblasts. The rate of galactose accumulation in the cells increases only 5 times under the same conditions of starvation. Several carbon and energy sources that were ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.69.11.3407
更新日期:1972-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies have shown that the genes of the gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis pathway in the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi are organized in a cluster of at least seven genes. P450-1 is one of four cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes in this cluster. Disruption of the P450-1 gene in the GA-producing wild-type strain IMI ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.091096298
更新日期:2001-05-08 00:00:00
abstract::Polyketides represent an extremely diverse class of secondary metabolites often explored for their bioactive traits. These molecules are also attractive building blocks for chemical catalysis and polymerization. However, the use of polyketides in larger scale chemistry applications is stymied by limited titers and yie...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1721203115
更新日期:2018-02-27 00:00:00
abstract::The recent cloning of a second member of the nerve growth factor family, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), has prompted investigation into the cells that express this factor's mRNA and protein. In the present study, antibodies raised against unique peptide sequences within the porcine BDNF protein detect BDNF-...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.21.9843
更新日期:1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::To test the hypothesis that periodic signals and chemotaxis direct later morphogenesis in Dictyostelium discoideum, we investigated cell behavior and cell movement in slugs. Trails of neutral red-stained prestalk and anterior-like cells were recorded by high-resolution digital image processing. Neutral red-stained ant...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.14.6433
更新日期:1992-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::For the emergence of early life, the formation of biopolymers such as RNA is essential. However, the addition of nucleotide monomers to existing oligonucleotides requires millimolar concentrations. Even in such optimistic settings, no polymerization of RNA longer than about 20 bases could be demonstrated. How then cou...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1303222110
更新日期:2013-05-14 00:00:00
abstract::In the plant Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is synthesized in the cytoplasm as a preprotein and is subsequently translocated to the mitochondrial matrix with corresponding cleavage of an NH2-terminal leader sequence. To determine whether the plant enzyme could replace the endogenous ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.9.3237
更新日期:1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Targeting neuroendocrine tumors expressing somatostatin receptor subtypes (sst) with radiolabeled somatostatin agonists is an established diagnostic and therapeutic approach in oncology. While agonists readily internalize into tumor cells, permitting accumulation of radioactivity, radiolabeled antagonists do not, and ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0607761103
更新日期:2006-10-31 00:00:00
abstract::Duplexes constituted by closed or open RNA circles paired to single-stranded oligonucleotides terminating with 3'-CCAOH form resected pseudoknots that are substrates of yeast histidyl-tRNA synthetase. Design of this RNA fold is linked to the mimicry of the pseudoknotted amino acid accepting branch of the tRNA-like dom...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.95.18.10431
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and polyketide synthases are large, multidomain enzymes that biosynthesize a number of pharmaceutically important natural products. The recognition of biosynthetic intermediates, displayed via covalent attachment to carrier proteins, by catalytic domains is critical for NRPS an...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0601038103
更新日期:2006-04-04 00:00:00
abstract::Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase enriched in cerebellar granule cells (CaM kinase Gr) is a neuronal calmodulin-dependent protein kinase whose purification and partial cloning from rat brain has been described. A combination of the polymerase chain reaction and cDNA library screening was used to determine the D...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.13.5784
更新日期:1991-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The class II transactivator (CIITA) is the master integrator of expression of MHC class II genes. It interacts with variety of basal transcription factors to initiate and elongate transcription of these genes. Among others, it recruits positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) to MHC class II promoters. In c...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0603079103
更新日期:2006-11-14 00:00:00
abstract::Although neurotrophins are primarily associated with long-term effects on neuronal survival and differentiation, recent studies have shown that acute changes in synaptic transmission can also be produced. In the hippocampus, an area critically involved in learning and memory, we have found that brain-derived neurotrop...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.17.8074
更新日期:1995-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::Chromosomal RNA, which is a component of the chromosomes of higher organisms, and whose participation is required for sequence-specific interaction of chromosomal proteins with chromosomal DNA, occurs in chromosomes bound to DNA. We have found that the DNA sequences to which chromosomal RNA binds are repetitive ones. ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.68.2.387
更新日期:1971-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic microbial infections are associated with fibrotic and inflammatory reactions known as granulomas showing similarities to wound-healing and tissue repair processes. We have previously mapped three leishmaniasis susceptibility loci, designated lmr1, -2, and -3, which exert their effect independently of T cell im...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0505630102
更新日期:2005-10-25 00:00:00
abstract::Protein tyrosine phosphorylation in purified synaptic vesicles from rat forebrain has been studied in the presence of Mn2+ and orthovanadate. High levels of endogenous protein tyrosine phosphorylation were observed. Four major phosphoproteins, with apparent molecular masses of 105, 94, 38, and 30 kDa, were shown to co...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.85.3.762
更新日期:1988-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The POT1 (protection of telomeres 1) protein binds the ssDNA overhangs at the ends of chromosomes in diverse eukaryotes. POT1 is essential for chromosome end-protection, as best demonstrated in fission yeast. In human cells, hPOT1 is also involved in telomere-length regulation. We now show that telomeric oligonucleoti...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0504744102
更新日期:2005-08-02 00:00:00
abstract::The ASCAPE agent-based modeling environment greatly eases the task of designing and investigating agent-based models. However, effective design can still require a relatively deep knowledge of programming and agent-based modeling. This issue has almost certainly slowed the adoption of agent-based modeling approaches t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.082081199
更新日期:2002-05-14 00:00:00
abstract::Human C5a, a complement-derived anaphylatoxin, is a potent mediator of human leukocyte chemotaxis. Using a homogeneous preparation of C5a that was 125I-labeled, we have demonstrated the presence of a specific cellular receptor for this glycoprotein on intact human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Cellular uptake of the r...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.75.8.3943
更新日期:1978-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::CD4(+) T cells are generally regarded as helpers and regulators of the immune response. Although cytolytic CD4(+) T cells have been described, whether those generated during the course of a viral infection play a role in virus control remains unknown. Here we show that during acute infection with ectromelia virus, the...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1202143109
更新日期:2012-06-19 00:00:00
abstract::p-Coumaric acid is the precursor of phenylpropanoids, which are plant secondary metabolites that are beneficial to human health. Tyrosine ammonia lyase catalyzes the production of p-coumaric acid from tyrosine. Because of their photosynthetic ability and biosynthetic versatility, cyanobacteria are promising candidates...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1323725111
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The coexistence of two phylogenetically distinct symbiont species within a single cell, a condition not previously known in any metazoan, is demonstrated in the gills of a Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent mussel (family Mytilidae). Large and small symbiont morphotypes within the gill bacteriocytes are shown to be ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.21.9598
更新日期:1995-10-10 00:00:00
abstract::The 5' flanking sequences and the intron of the mouse Hoxa-7 gene were searched for regulatory elements that can function in Drosophila. Only the intron is able to activate a lacZ fusion gene in various tissues of Drosophila embryos. This enhancer function requires a cluster of three homeodomain binding sites (HB1-ele...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.24.13884
更新日期:1996-11-26 00:00:00
abstract::Protein functions require conformational motions. We show here that the dominant conformational motions are slaved by the hydration shell and the bulk solvent. The protein contributes the structure necessary for function. We formulate a model that is based on experiments, insights from the physics of glass-forming liq...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900336106
更新日期:2009-03-31 00:00:00
abstract::Global climate change is expected to have broad ecological consequences for species and communities. Attempts to forecast these consequences usually assume that changes in air or water temperature will translate into equivalent changes in a species' organismal body temperature. This simple change is unlikely because a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0510992103
更新日期:2006-06-20 00:00:00
abstract::P2X receptors for ATP have a wide range of physiological roles and comprise a structurally distinct family of ligand-gated trimeric ion channels. The crystal structure of a P2X4 receptor, in combination with mutagenesis studies, has provided a model of the intersubunit ATP-binding sites and identified an extracellular...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1201872109
更新日期:2012-03-20 00:00:00
abstract::MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (approximately 21 nt), noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate target mRNAs at the posttranscriptional level that are involved in development. In plants, virus-induced disease symptoms often result in developmental abnormalities resembling perturbation of miRNA-mediated function. Here, we ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0504439102
更新日期:2005-07-19 00:00:00
abstract::A general theory of the structure of complexes of the transition metals is developed on the basis of the enneacovalence of the metals and the requirements of the electroneutrality principle. An extra orbital may be provided through the small but not negligible amount of f and g character of spd bond orbitals, and an e...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5235
更新日期:1977-12-01 00:00:00