Abstract:
:Quantum electrodynamics (resulting from the merger of quantum mechanics and relativity theory) has provided a clear understanding of phenomena ranging from particle physics to cosmology and from astrophysics to quantum chemistry. The ideas underlying quantum electrodynamics also influence the theory of condensed matter, but quantum relativistic effects are usually minute in the known experimental systems that can be described accurately by the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation. Here we report an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation. The charge carriers in graphene mimic relativistic particles with zero rest mass and have an effective 'speed of light' c* approximately 10(6) m s(-1). Our study reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions. In particular we have observed the following: first, graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the quantum unit of conductance, even when concentrations of charge carriers tend to zero; second, the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at half-integer filling factors; and third, the cyclotron mass m(c) of massless carriers in graphene is described by E = m(c)c*2. This two-dimensional system is not only interesting in itself but also allows access to the subtle and rich physics of quantum electrodynamics in a bench-top experiment.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Novoselov KS,Geim AK,Morozov SV,Jiang D,Katsnelson MI,Grigorieva IV,Dubonos SV,Firsov AAdoi
10.1038/nature04233keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-11-10 00:00:00pages
197-200issue
7065eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
nature04233journal_volume
438pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract::Co-evolution between plants and their natural enemies is generally believed to have generated much of the Earth's biological diversity. A process analogous to co-evolution occurs in agricultural systems, in which natural enemies adapt to crop resistance introduced by breeding or genetic engineering. Because of this si...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35081193
更新日期:2001-06-14 00:00:00
abstract::During anaphase identical sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the mitotic spindle. In the spindle, kinetochore microtubules have their plus ends embedded in the kinetochore and their minus ends at the spindle pole. Two models have been proposed to account for the movement of chromatids during...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature02256
更新日期:2004-01-22 00:00:00
abstract::Silbo Gomero is a whistled language that is a rare and endangered surrogate of Spanish, used by shepherds on the island of La Gomera in the Canary Islands for communication over long distances on difficult terrain. Here we show that areas of the brain normally associated with spoken-language function are also activate...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/433031a
更新日期:2005-01-06 00:00:00
abstract:: ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.1038/d41586-018-06989-8
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:: ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07529-0
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microbes comprise the majority of extant organisms, yet much remains to be learned about the nature and driving forces of microbial diversification. Our understanding of how microorganisms adapt and evolve can be advanced by genome-wide documentation of the patterns of genetic exchange, particularly if analyses target...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature05624
更新日期:2007-03-29 00:00:00
abstract::Combined analyses of gene networks and DNA sequence variation can provide new insights into the aetiology of common diseases that may not be apparent from genome-wide association studies alone. Recent advances in rat genomics are facilitating systems-genetics approaches. Here we report the use of integrated genome-wid...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature09386
更新日期:2010-09-23 00:00:00
abstract::Three Hipparion trails, two from adults and one from a juvenile dating from about 3.5 Myr ago, have now been found in Laetoli. Comparison of the Hipparion footprints with a variety of imprints made by domestic horses showed that the animals moved with a running walk over the soft and slippery soil of Laetoli: in the a...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/308179a0
更新日期:1984-03-08 00:00:00
abstract::Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus 8, or HHV 8) is a virus that is consistently present in Kaposi's sarcoma and in primary-effusion (body-cavity-based) lymphomas, malignancies that occur frequently, but not exclusively, in AIDS patients. KSHV is a gamma herpesvirus with homo...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/385347a0
更新日期:1997-01-23 00:00:00
abstract::Ribosomes are translational machineries that catalyse protein synthesis. Ribosome structures from various species are known at the atomic level, but obtaining the structure of the human ribosome has remained a challenge; efforts to address this would be highly relevant with regard to human diseases. Here we report the...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature14427
更新日期:2015-04-30 00:00:00
abstract::Protein ubiquitination is a common form of post-translational modification that regulates a broad spectrum of protein substrates in diverse cellular pathways. Through a three-enzyme (E1-E2-E3) cascade, the attachment of ubiquitin to proteins is catalysed by the E3 ubiquitin ligase, which is best represented by the sup...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature05175
更新日期:2006-10-05 00:00:00
abstract::The ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) protein kinase mediates early cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated during metabolic processes or by DNA-damaging agents. ATM deficiency leads to ataxia-telangiectasia, a disease marked by lymphopenia, genomic instability and an increased predisposition...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature04866
更新日期:2006-07-27 00:00:00
abstract::Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is one of several neurodegenerative disorders caused by an expansion of a polyglutamine tract. It is characterized by ataxia, progressive motor deterioration, and loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells. To understand the pathogenesis of SCA1, we examined the subcellular localization of ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/40153
更新日期:1997-10-30 00:00:00
abstract::The identification of properties that contribute to the persistence and resilience of ecosystems despite climate change constitutes a research priority of global relevance. Here we present a novel, empirical approach to assess the relative sensitivity of ecosystems to climate variability, one property of resilience th...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature16986
更新日期:2016-03-10 00:00:00
abstract::Numerous studies have suggested that biodiversity reduces variability in ecosystem productivity through compensatory effects; that is, a species increases in its abundance in response to the reduction of another in a fluctuating environment. But this view has been challenged on several grounds. Because most studies ha...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature02850
更新日期:2004-09-09 00:00:00
abstract::The advent of endothermy, which is achieved through the continuous homeostatic regulation of body temperature and metabolism1,2, is a defining feature of mammalian and avian evolution. However, when challenged by food deprivation or harsh environmental conditions, many mammalian species initiate adaptive energy-conser...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2387-5
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Targeting of proteins to appropriate subcellular compartments is a crucial process in all living cells. Secretory and membrane proteins usually contain an amino-terminal signal peptide, which is recognized by the signal recognition particle (SRP) when nascent polypeptide chains emerge from the ribosome. The SRP-riboso...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature08870
更新日期:2010-05-27 00:00:00
abstract::During lymphocyte development, cellular proliferation and positive and negative selection events ensure the production of T and B lymphocytes bearing highly diverse, but self-tolerant, repertoires of antigen receptors. These processes are initiated when engagement of growth-factor receptors, or the T and B lymphocyte ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/374474a0
更新日期:1995-03-30 00:00:00
abstract::The three-dimensional structure of the 66-amino acid cro repressor protein of bacteriophage lambda suggests how it binds to its operator DNA. We propose that a dimer of cro protein is bound to the B-form of DNA with the 2-fold axis of the dimer coincident with the 2-fold axis of DNA. A pair of 2-fold-related alpha-hel...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/290754a0
更新日期:1981-04-30 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian microbiome has many important roles in health and disease, and genetic engineering is enabling the development of microbial therapeutics and diagnostics. A key determinant of the activity of both natural and engineered microorganisms in vivo is their location within the host organism. However, existing m...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature25021
更新日期:2018-01-03 00:00:00
abstract::The sensitivity of soil carbon to warming is a major uncertainty in projections of carbon dioxide concentration and climate. Experimental studies overwhelmingly indicate increased soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition at higher temperatures, resulting in increased carbon dioxide emissions from soils. However, recent...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature03226
更新日期:2005-01-20 00:00:00
abstract::Crossover recombination events between homologous chromosomes are required to form chiasmata, temporary connections between homologues that ensure their proper segregation at meiosis I. Despite this requirement for crossovers and an excess of the double-strand DNA breaks that are the initiating events for meiotic reco...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature12577
更新日期:2013-10-31 00:00:00
abstract::In vitro studies of muscle mitochondrial metabolism in patients with mitochondrial myopathy have identified a variety of functional defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, predominantly affecting complex I (NADH-CoQ reductase) or complex III (ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase) in adult cases. These two enzymes ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/331717a0
更新日期:1988-02-25 00:00:00
abstract::Most of the 470-million-year history of plants on land belongs to bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms, which eventually yielded to the ecological dominance by angiosperms 90 Myr ago. Our knowledge of angiosperm phylogeny, particularly the branching order of the earliest lineages, has recently been increased by t...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35054555
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the continued increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, the annual-mean global temperature has not risen in the twenty-first century, challenging the prevailing view that anthropogenic forcing causes climate warming. Various mechanisms have been proposed for this hiatus in global warming, but thei...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature12534
更新日期:2013-09-19 00:00:00
abstract::Transparent electronic devices formed on flexible substrates are expected to meet emerging technological demands where silicon-based electronics cannot provide a solution. Examples of active flexible applications include paper displays and wearable computers. So far, mainly flexible devices based on hydrogenated amorp...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature03090
更新日期:2004-11-25 00:00:00
abstract::The toxicity of misfolded proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction are pivotal factors that promote age-associated functional neuronal decline and neurodegenerative disease. Accordingly, neurons invest considerable cellular resources in chaperones, protein degradation, autophagy and mitophagy to maintain proteostasis an...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature21362
更新日期:2017-02-16 00:00:00
abstract::The selection and design of modern high-performance structural engineering materials is driven by optimizing combinations of mechanical properties such as strength, ductility, toughness, elasticity and requirements for predictable and graceful (non-catastrophic) failure in service. Highly processable bulk metallic gla...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature06598
更新日期:2008-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::The visual system analyses information by decomposing complex objects into simple components (visual features) that are widely distributed across the cortex. When several objects are present simultaneously in the visual field, a mechanism is required to group (bind) together visual features that belong to each object ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/28166
更新日期:1998-07-09 00:00:00
abstract::Quantum electrodynamics describes the interactions of electrons and photons. Electric charge (the gauge coupling constant) is energy dependent, and there is a previous claim that charge is affected by gravity (described by general relativity) with the implication that the charge is reduced at high energies. However, t...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature09506
更新日期:2010-11-04 00:00:00