Abstract:
:The "standard position" on organ donation is that the donor must be dead in order for vital organs to be removed, a position with which we agree. Recently, Robert Truog and Walter Robinson have argued that (1) brain death is not death, and (2) even though "brain dead" patients are not dead, it is morally acceptable to remove vital organs from those patients. We accept and defend their claim that brain death is not death, and we argue against both the US "whole brain" criterion and the UK "brain stem" criterion. Then we answer their arguments in favour of removing vital organs from "brain dead" and other classes of comatose patients. We dispute their claim that the removal of vital organs is morally equivalent to "letting nature take its course", arguing that, unlike "allowing to die", it is the removal of vital organs that kills the patient, not his or her disease or injury. Then, we argue that removing vital organs from living patients is immoral and contrary to the nature of medical practice. Finally, we offer practical suggestions for changing public policy on organ transplantation.
journal_name
J Med Ethicsjournal_title
Journal of medical ethicsauthors
Potts M,Evans DWdoi
10.1136/jme.2004.010298keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-07-01 00:00:00pages
406-9issue
7eissn
0306-6800issn
1473-4257pii
31/7/406journal_volume
31pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine the current ethical review process (ERP) of ethics committees in a non-pharmacological trial from the perspective of a clinical investigator. DESIGN:Prospective collection of data at the Study Centre of the German Surgical Society on the duration, costs and administrative effort of the ERP of a ra...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2005.014605
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We are printing in its entirety the discussion document which sets out a code of professional conduct for nurses published by the Royal College of Nursing in November 1976 together with commentaries by the Assistant Secretary of the British Medical Association, a professor of nursing studies, student nurses and a lawy...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.3.3.115
更新日期:1977-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::One theme of London University lawyer Ian Kennedy's 1980 Reith Lectures on medical ethics was the need to change the emphasis in physician patient relations from paternalism on the part of doctors to self determination on the part of patients. Bamford, a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology, demonstrates how reali...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.7.4.179
更新日期:1981-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The author, a philosopher, suggests that the concept of death should be left as it is 'in its present indeterminate state', and that we ought to reject attempts to define death in terms of whole-brain death or any other type of brain death, including cerebral death and 'irreversible coma'. Instead of 'fiddling with th...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.9.1.28
更新日期:1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This is the first contribution to a new JME column, "At the coalface," to which readers are invited to relate ethical problems they have encountered in their work. An adolescent patient requested that the author, a general practitioner, certify that he was medically fit to box. Toon attempted to dissuade him from bo...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.14.2.69
更新日期:1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Too many people now have access to confidential medical information. Patients are becoming justifiably wary and the doctor-patient relationship is deteriorating. We can avert the developing crisis by allowing patients to keep their own medical records at home. This will ensure that confidentiality is respected and tha...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.10.1.27
更新日期:1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::What happens when we discover that a severely mentally handicapped girl, resident under our care, is heavily pregnant? What options are open to us in her management? What are the legal and ethical issues involved? How do we ensure that she receives the best possible care and protection and will the involvement of the ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.15.4.197
更新日期:1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Consultation methods differ between medical practitioners depending on the individual setting. However, the central tenet to the doctor-patient relationship is the issue of confidentiality. This prospective survey highlights patient attitudes towards consultation methods in the setting of an ophthalmic out...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2006.016899
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To explore attitudes and reasoning among Swedish physicians and the general public regarding the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment at a competent patient's request. DESIGN:A vignette-based postal questionnaire including 1202 randomly selected individuals in the county of Stockholm and 1200 randomly se...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2009.034967
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Desire for improvement in one's illness and having one's own doctor functioning as a researcher are thought to promote therapeutic misconception (TM), a phenomenon in which research subjects are said to conflate research with treatment. PURPOSE:To examine whether subjects' therapeutic motivation and own doc...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2013-101987
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:There is little evidence of junior trainee perspectives in the design and implementation of medical ethics and law (MEL) curriculum in UK medical schools. AIM:To determine the ethical issues the foundation year 1 (FY1) doctors (first year after graduation) encountered during clinical practice and the skill...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100391
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Australian immigration detention centres are in secluded locations, some on offshore islands, and are subject to extreme secrecy, comparable with 'black sites' elsewhere. There are parallels between healthcare professionals working in immigration detention centres and healthcare professionals involved with or complici...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103066
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Principles of autonomy and self-determination have been upheld as vital to modern-day medical and ethical practice. However, the complexities of current health care and changes in the expectation of some patients and their families justify a review of such concepts. Their limitations and relativities may suggest that ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.15.1.12
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Body art as expressed through non-therapeutic bodily modification is extremely popular, with techniques ranging from the commonplace such as ear piercing to the more esoteric forms such as tongue splitting. Scarification is one such body art practice that is becoming popular as an alternative to tattooing and ear pier...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2008.027615
更新日期:2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are various ways in which medicine and literature interact, but this paper concentrates on the contribution which literature can make to 'whole person understanding'. Scientific understanding is concerned with seeing events and actions in terms of patterns or similarities. But 'whole person understanding' is con...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.17.2.93
更新日期:1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dr. Bernstein suggests that anti-vivisectionists should be able to fill in a directive requesting that they receive no medical treatment developed through work on animals. It is replied that this would only be reasonable if research not using animals had long been funded as adequately and its results were currently av...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.22.5.302
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This point of view compares the issue of informed patient consent primarily as it operates in Australia and the United Kingdom. It affords an overview, also, of the applicable law in the United States and Canada. It particularly focuses on the legal test to be applied to patient consent as established in the Bolam cas...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.21.1.5
更新日期:1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Jehovah's Witnesses are students of the Bible. They refuse transfusions out of obedience to the scriptural directive to abstain and keep from blood. Dr Muramoto disagrees with the Witnesses' religious beliefs in this regard. Despite this basic disagreement over the meaning of Biblical texts, Muramoto flouts the religi...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.25.6.469
更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A questionnaire relating to attitudes towards setting economic priorities within the health care system was sent to all 151 general practitioners in Northern Norway. Of these, 109 (72 per cent) responded. Ninety-six per cent of the respondents agreed or partly agreed that the setting of economic priorities within the ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.21.3.158
更新日期:1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper argues that the HFEA's recent report on sex selection abdicates its responsibility to give its own authentic advice on the matters within its remit, that it accepts arguments and conclusions that are implausible on the face of it and where they depend on empirical claims, produces no empirical evidence what...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2003.007526
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In healthcare, a tension sometimes arises between the injunction to do as much good as possible with scarce resources and the injunction to rescue identifiable individuals in immediate peril, regardless of cost (the "Rule of Rescue"). This tension can generate serious ethical and political difficulties for public poli...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/jme.2007.021790
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dolores Dooley Clarke describes how the course in medical ethics at University College, Cork is structured, how it has changed and how it is likely to change as time goes on. Originally, the students seemed to view it as an intrusion 'to be tolerated' in their programme of 'strictly medical' studies. However, having m...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.4.1.36
更新日期:1978-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::We propose a principle of sustainability to complement established principles used for justifying healthcare resource allocation. We argue that the application of established principles of equal treatment, need, prognosis and cost-effectiveness gives rise to what we call negative dynamics: a gradual depletion of the v...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2020-106644
更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Explore public attitudes towards the trade-offs between justice and medical outcome inherent in organ allocation decisions. BACKGROUND:The US Task Force on Organ Transplantation recommended that considerations of justice, autonomy and medical outcome be part of all organ allocation decisions. Justice in this c...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2006.018291
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Direct-to-consumer genetic testing is a growing phenomenon, fuelled by the notion that knowledge equals control. One ethical question that arises concerns the proband's duty to share information indicating genetic risks in their relatives. However, such duties are unenforceable and may result in the realisation of ant...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2020-106966
更新日期:2020-12-09 00:00:00
abstract::This paper re-evaluates euthanasia and assisted suicide from the perspective of eudaimonia, the ancient Greek conception of happiness across one's whole life. It is argued that one cannot be said to have fully flourished or had a truly happy life if one's death is preceded by a period of unbearable pain or suffering t...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2008.028852
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Elizabeth Fenton has criticised an earlier article by the authors in which the claim was made that, by providing humankind with means of causing its destruction, the advance of science and technology has put it in a perilous condition that might take the development of genetic or biomedical techniques of moral enhance...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2010.036962
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a simple means of brain stimulation, possesses a trifecta of appealing features: it is relatively safe, relatively inexpensive and relatively effective. It is also relatively easy to obtain a device and the do-it-yourself (DIY) community has become galvanised by reports ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2013-101458
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rationing healthcare is a difficult task, which includes preventing patients from accessing potentially beneficial treatments. Proponents of implicit rationing argue that politicians cannot resist pressure from strong patient groups for treatments and conclude that physicians should ration without informing patients o...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2006.018523
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Studies describing physicians' experiences with sedation at the end of life are indispensible for informed palliative care practice, but they are scarce. We describe the accounts of physicians from the USA and the Netherlands, two countries with different regulations on end-of-life decisions regarding their ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2012-100561
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00