Abstract:
:China has experienced rapid urbanization and dramatic economic growth since its reform process started in late 1978. In this article, we present evidence for a significant urbanization effect on climate based on analysis of impacts of land-use changes on surface temperature in southeast China, where rapid urbanization has occurred. Our estimated warming of mean surface temperature of 0.05 degrees C per decade attributable to urbanization is much larger than previous estimates for other periods and locations. The spatial pattern and magnitude of our estimate are consistent with those of urbanization characterized by changes in the percentage of urban population and in satellite-measured greenness.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Zhou L,Dickinson RE,Tian Y,Fang J,Li Q,Kaufmann RK,Tucker CJ,Myneni RBdoi
10.1073/pnas.0400357101keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-06-29 00:00:00pages
9540-4issue
26eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
0400357101journal_volume
101pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The intestinal mucosa exists in dynamic balance with trillions of luminal microbes. Disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier, commonly observed in mucosal inflammation and diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), is often associated with dysbiosis, particularly decreases in species producing short-c...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1917597117
更新日期:2020-05-26 00:00:00
abstract::Addition of a 0.5 M KCl wash fraction from rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes causes a 3- to 10-fold increase in the extent of translation of natural mRNAs by Krebs-cell lysates. In the presence of the wash fraction, 1 pmol of rabbit or mouse 10S RNA directs the incorporation of 80 pmol of leucine into rabbit globin. The a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.69.5.1299
更新日期:1972-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Toll-like receptor signaling and subsequent activation of NF-κB- and MAPK-dependent genes during infection play an important role in antimicrobial host defense. The YopJ protein of pathogenic Yersinia species inhibits NF-κB and MAPK signaling, resulting in blockade of NF-κB-dependent cytokine production and target cel...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1403252111
更新日期:2014-05-20 00:00:00
abstract::The ability to modulate the collective properties of correlated electron systems at their interfaces and surfaces underpins the burgeoning field of "designer" quantum materials. Here, we show how an electronic reconstruction driven by surface polarity mediates a Stoner-like magnetic instability to itinerant ferromagne...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1811873115
更新日期:2018-12-18 00:00:00
abstract::Transformation of murine thymocytes by radiation leukemia virus is associated with reduced expression of the class I antigens encoded in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and increased methylation and altered restriction enzyme patterns of MHC DNA. These changes may play a role in host susceptibility to virus...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.83.12.4504
更新日期:1986-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::As a first step in assessing the efficacy of a gene transfer approach to the induction of transplantation tolerance in our miniature swine model, double-copy retroviral vectors engineered to express a drug-resistance marker (neomycin) and a swine class II DRB cDNA were constructed. Infectious particles containing thes...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.21.9760
更新日期:1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have recently determined that high calcium concentrations, in parallel with their suppressive effects on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, reversibly and specifically decrease preproPTH mRNA in cultured bovine parathyroid cells. In order to determine whether vitamin D metabolites also regulate the content of pre...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.12.4270
更新日期:1985-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::An enhancer specific to erythroid cells was identified previously in the 3' flanking sequence of the chicken adult beta-globin gene and shown to act on the beta-globin promoter. This enhancer lies between the adult beta-globin gene and the embryonic epsilon-globin gene, about equidistant from the two promoters. To det...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.85.8.2548
更新日期:1988-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2 (HIPK2) is a serine/threonine kinase involved in transcriptional regulation and apoptosis. The transcriptional corepressor CtBP (carboxyl-terminal binding protein) also plays a fundamental role in these processes. Our previous studies indicate that HIPK2 participates in a pathw...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0409373102
更新日期:2005-02-22 00:00:00
abstract::IL-2-PE40 is a chimeric protein composed of human interleukin 2 (IL-2) genetically fused to the amino terminus of a modified form of Pseudomonas exotoxin lacking its cell recognition domain. IL-2-PE40, which is extremely cytotoxic to IL-2 receptor-positive cells, was examined for its ability to prevent graft rejection...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.3.1008
更新日期:1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Misfolding and aggregation of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is implicated in neuronal death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Each SOD1 monomer binds to 1 copper and 1 zinc ion and maintains its disulfide bond (Cys-57-Cys-146) in the reducing cytoplasm of cell. Mounting experimental evidence suggests that metal l...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0803266105
更新日期:2008-12-16 00:00:00
abstract::Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is involved in self-renewal of embryonic stem cells and reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. However, its role in lineage-committed stem cells remains largely unknown. Here, we show that KLF4 is expressed in neural stem cells (NSCs) and is down-regulated during neuronal differen...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1112351109
更新日期:2011-12-27 00:00:00
abstract::A striking feature of the human genome is the dearth of CpG dinucleotides (CpGs) interrupted occasionally by CpG islands (CGIs), regions with relatively high content of the dinucleotide. CGIs are generally associated with promoters; genes, whose promoters are especially rich in CpG sequences, tend to be expressed in m...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0510310103
更新日期:2006-01-31 00:00:00
abstract::Blood viscosity decreases with shear stress, a property essential for an efficient perfusion of the vascular tree. Shear thinning is intimately related to the dynamics and mutual interactions of RBCs, the major component of blood. Because of the lack of knowledge about the behavior of RBCs under physiological conditio...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1608074113
更新日期:2016-11-22 00:00:00
abstract::A close study of the metabolic regulation of hexose transport in a hamster fibroblast mutant, highly defective in the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI mutant), reveals the requirement for at least three vectors for transport regulation. The downward regulation of the hexose transport system, called the "transport ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.4.1126
更新日期:1984-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We provide evidence that citrate anions bridge between mineral platelets in bone and hypothesize that their presence acts to maintain separate platelets with disordered regions between them rather than gradual transformations into larger, more ordered blocks of mineral. To assess this hypothesis, we take as a model fo...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1315080111
更新日期:2014-04-08 00:00:00
abstract::The human cerebral cortex contains many cell types that likely underwent independent functional changes during evolution. However, cell-type-specific regulatory landscapes in the cortex remain largely unexplored. Here we report epigenomic and transcriptomic analyses of the two main cortical neuronal subtypes, glutamat...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2011884117
更新日期:2020-11-10 00:00:00
abstract::The neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM is a sialic acid-rich, cell surface glycoprotein that mediates cell adhesion by a homophilic mechanism. Its binding function has been implicated in both morphogenesis and histogenesis; during development it changes in amount at the cell surface and perinatally it undergoes a dec...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.21.6881
更新日期:1984-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) tumor-suppressor protein Merlin is a member of the ERM family of proteins that links the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. In humans, mutations in the NF2 gene cause neurofibromatosis type-2 (NF2), a cancer syndrome characterized by the development of tumors of the nervous system....
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0907389107
更新日期:2010-04-20 00:00:00
abstract::The structures of both oxidized (HP(ox)) and reduced (HP(red)) high-potential iron protein and of oxidized ferredoxin (Fd(ox)) have been partially refined at 2.0-A resolution by methods similar to those applied to the protein rubredoxin [Watenpaugh, K. D., Sieker, L. C., Herriott, J. R. & Jensen, L. H. (1971) Cold Spr...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.69.12.3526
更新日期:1972-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rearrangements between tandem sequence homologies of various lengths are a major source of genomic change and can be deleterious to the organism. These rearrangements can result in either deletion or duplication of genetic material flanked by direct sequence repeats. Molecular genetic analysis of repetitive sequence i...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.111008398
更新日期:2001-07-17 00:00:00
abstract::Homeobox genes constitute a large family of transcription factors that are essential during normal development and are often dysregulated in cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which homeobox genes influence cancer remain largely unknown. Here we show that the tissue-restricted cyclin A1 is a transcriptional ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0401139101
更新日期:2004-04-27 00:00:00
abstract::A genomic region on distal mouse chromosome 1 and its syntenic human counterpart 1q23-42 show strong evidence of harboring lupus susceptibility genes. We found evidence of linkage at 1q32.2 in a targeted genome scan of 1q21-43 in 126 lupus multiplex families containing 151 affected sibpairs (nonparametric linkage scor...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0609101104
更新日期:2007-03-06 00:00:00
abstract::During meiosis, homologous chromosomes recombine and become closely apposed along their lengths within the synaptonemal complex (SC). In part because Spo11 is required both to make the double-strand breaks (DSBs) that initiate recombination and to promote normal SC formation in many organisms, it is clear that these t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0400843101
更新日期:2004-03-30 00:00:00
abstract::The virulent properties of the common human and livestock pathogen Clostridium perfringens are attributable to a formidable battery of toxins. Among these are a number of large and highly modular carbohydrate-active enzymes, including the mu-toxin and sialidases, whose catalytic properties are consistent with degradat...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0803154105
更新日期:2008-08-26 00:00:00
abstract::Serum RNase (ribonuclease) of normal persons and of patients with pancreatitis, carcinoma of pancreas, or other neoplasms was determined with poly(C) as substrate. Strikingly abnormal elevations occur in the serum RNase of patients with pancreatic cancer. There is no elevation in the serum RNase level of patients with...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.7.2308
更新日期:1976-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oxidative stress exacerbates neovascularization (NV) in many disease processes. In this study we investigated the mechanism of that effect. Mice deficient in superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1(-/-) mice) have increased oxidative stress and show severe ocular NV that is reduced to baseline by antioxidants. Compared with wild...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1012859108
更新日期:2011-08-30 00:00:00
abstract::Digestion of mouse L cell mitochondrial DNA with EcoRI restriction endonuclease produces two linear duplex fragments comprising 86.3 +/- 2.0% and 14.2 +/- 1.0% of the circular genome length (16,000 +/- 470 nucleotide pairs). Digestion of human HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA with EcoRI produces three linear duplex fragmen...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.71.11.4447
更新日期:1974-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::By using both double-colony hybridization and an in situ immunostaining assay for transformants, 39 cDNA clones (clone p-16 alpha) encoding mouse liver microsomal testosterone 16 alpha-hydroxylase (cytochrome P-450(16) alpha) were isolated from a cDNA library constructed in the cloning vector pUC-9 with poly(A)+ RNA i...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.7.2024
更新日期:1985-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mechanism of proton transfer from the bulk into the membrane protein interior was studied. The light-induced reduction of a bound ubiquinone molecule Q(B) by the photosynthetic reaction center is accompanied by proton trapping. We used kinetic spectroscopy to measure (i) the electron transfer to Q(B) (at 450 nm), ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.96.23.13159
更新日期:1999-11-09 00:00:00