Abstract：
:Drug abuse is a global problem of considerable concern to health. One such health concern stems from the fact that many drugs of abuse have immunosuppressive actions and consequently have the potential to increase susceptibility to infectious disease. This article is focused on the impact of the amphetamine derivative, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'Ecstasy') on immunity. Research conducted over the last 5 years, in both laboratory animals and humans, has demonstrated that MDMA has immunosuppressive actions. Specifically, MDMA suppresses neutrophil phagocytosis, suppresses production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-1beta, and increases production of the endogenous immunosuppressive cytokine (IL-10), thereby promoting an immunosuppressive cytokine phenotype. MDMA also suppresses circulating lymphocyte numbers, with CD4+ T cells being particularly affected, and alters T-cell function as indicated by reduced mitogen-stimulated T-cell proliferation, and a skewing of T-cell cytokine production in a T helper 2 (Th2) direction. For the most part, the aforementioned effects of MDMA are not the result of a direct action of the drug on immune cells, but rather caused by the release of endogenous immunomodulatory substances. Consequently, the physiological mechanisms that are thought to underlie the immunosuppressive effects of MDMA will be discussed. As many of the physiological changes elicited by MDMA closely resemble those induced by acute stress, it is suggested that exposure to MDMA could be regarded as a 'chemical stressor' on the immune system. Finally, the potential of MDMA-induced immunosuppression to translate into significant health risks for abusers of the drug will be discussed.
journal_name
Immunologyjournal_title
Immunologyauthors
Connor TJdoi
10.1111/j.0019-2805.2004.01847.xkeywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-04-01 00:00:00pages
357-67issue
4eissn
0019-2805issn
1365-2567pii
IMM1847journal_volume
111pub_type
杂志文章,评审相关文献
IMMUNOLOGY文献大全abstract：:The shedding and resynthesis of Fc, C3 receptors, and receptors binding SRBC has been studied in normal peripheral lymphocytes, in lymphocytes from CLL patients and in a Raji cell line during 4 h incubation at 37 degrees. During the first part of the incubation, an increased release of receptors was observed. The shed...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Designing peptide-based vaccines for therapeutic applications in cancer immunotherapy requires detailed knowledge of the interactions between the antigenic peptide and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in addition to that between the peptide-MHC complex and the T-cell receptor. Past efforts to immunize with high-...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02434.x
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Apoptosis of macrophages infected with pathogenic mycobacteria is an alternative host defence capable of removing the environment supporting bacterial growth. In this work the influence of virulence and bacterial load on apoptosis of alveolar macrophages during the initial phase of infection by Mycobacterium bovis was...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03062.x
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Signaling by Kit has been extensively studied in hematopoietic cells and is essential for the survival, proliferation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. In addition to the activation of intrinsic signaling pathways, Kit has been shown to interact with lineage-restricted type I cytokine recepto...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/imm.13174
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antibodies against lymphocytes have been shown in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, but their relevance in the pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains controversial. We investigated increased levels of lymphocyte surface Ig and antibodies against CD4+ T cells in the plasm...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epididymitis represents a serious threat to male fertility and usually develops following secondary bacterial infection of the epididymis such as urinary tract infections or sexually transmitted diseases. Surprisingly, very little is known about the innate host response triggered by bacterial infection in the male rep...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02763.x
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immunohistological techniques have been used to study the stromal cells of the human placenta in both the chorionic villous mesenchyme and the connective tissue underlying the amnion. Throughout gestation many of these cells express an antigen (3C10) that is found on mononuclear phagocytes but not on dendritic cells o...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have previously demonstrated that intranasal (i.n.) administration of the major encephalitogenic peptide, Ac1-9 of myelin basic protein (MBP), inhibited T-cell responsiveness in vitro and induced tolerance in the H-2u mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The peptide analogue Ac1-9[4Y] wit...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00795.x
更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Anti-Gal is the most abundant natural antibody in humans, constituting ~ 1% of immunoglobulins. Anti-Gal is naturally produced also in apes and Old World monkeys. The ligand of anti-Gal is a carbohydrate antigen called the 'α-gal epitope' with the structure Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R. The α-gal epitope is present as a maj...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imm.12110
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human blood monocytes were activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) (10 ng/ml) for cytotoxicity of WEHI-164 mouse fibrosarcoma cells, determined by release of 51Cr from WEHI-164 tumour cells incubated with monocyte supernatants. The chemotactic peptide N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) aug...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Using mast cell-deficient mutant W/Wv mice and their normal counterpart we re-evaluated the significance of participation of mast cells in allergic inflammatory response. W/Wv mice developed immediate hypersensitivity (IH) footpad reaction (FPR) to a somewhat lesser degree than the normal mice, suggesting that the mas...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rabbits immunized with complexes of denatured calf thymus DNA and methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) produced only IgM antibodies to denatured DNA, confirming the results of previous studies. In contrast, both IgM and IgG antibodies were induced by MBSA complexes of Trypanosoma brucei DNA. A similar response was o...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Free malarial merozoites isolated from in vitro cultures of P. knowlesi and emulsified with Freund's complete (FCA) or incomplete (FIA) adjuvant were used to vaccinate twelve Rhesus monkeys against the uniformly lethal infection caused by P. knowlesi. Initial challenge of six monkeys with the same parasite variant as ...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1975-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)-infected bovine kidney cells (MDBK) by neutrophils was demonstrated. Neutrophils from bovine and sheep mammary exudate and peripheral blood, and also from human peripheral blood, were all active in the presence of anti-IBR ...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Male lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus-carrier mice were mated to uninfected females and their offsprings tested for (i) LCMV virus and (ii) their potential to generate LCM virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. Among about 500 offspring tested no example of antigen-independent inheritance of tolerance to LCM virus ...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A murine anti-B monoclonal antibody was obtained by the hybridoma technique. This antibody called anti-B (b-183) is of IgM nature; it is capable of agglutinating normal B, B3, Bx, cis AB and some acquired B red cells. Its association constant is 1.1 X 10(8) l/mol, and appears high compared to those of the monoclonal a...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Our goal was to study the small lymphocytes that were recruited to cutaneous DTH lesions in order to determine if there existed a subset of small lymphocytes which preferentially migrated into cutaneous inflammatory sites rather than into lymphoid tissues. Lymphocytes were radiolabelled and injected i.v. into sensitiz...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Specific IgE and IgG responses to highly purified Ambrosia (ragweed) allergens, Amb a V, Amb t V and Amb p V from the artemisiifolia (short), trifida (giant) and psilostachya (western) species are strongly associated with HLA-DR2 and Dw2 (DR2.2) in allergic Caucasoid individuals. To investigate the molecular basis of ...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:All but one of nine Acholeplasma strains were susceptible to killing by gnotobiotic-calf serum while all but one of fifteen Mycoplasma strains were resistant. The mechanism of killing was examined using inhibitors of complement, viz. EDTA. MgEGTA. epsilon-amino caproic acid, and also by desalting serum and adding MgCl...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The migration of immune cells through the extracellular matrix (ECM) towards inflammatory sites is co-ordinated by receptors recognizing ECM glycoproteins, chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines. In this context, galectins are secreted to the extracellular milieu, where they recognize poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00746.x
更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Male and female spleen cells were compared before and after culture for their cytotoxicity to autologous-embryo fibroblasts. Cultures of male cells developed significantly greater reactivity than cultures of female cells. Moreover, while the cytotoxicity derived from cultures of male cells was totally abolished by tre...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Activation of lymph nodes by the T-cell mitogens PHA and Con A is correlated with a depletion of lymphatic mast cells. This result, and our earlier reports on the depletion of mast cells in lymph nodes stimulated by allogeneic and tumour cells, as well as on the elevation of mast cell number in thymus-less 'nude' mice...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With an increase in the importance of umbilical cord blood (CB) as an alternative source of haematopoietic progenitors for allogenic transplantation, donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) with donor CB-derived activated CD4(+) T cells in the unrelated CB transplantation setting is expected to be of increased usefulness as a...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03122.x
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:alpha 1-Acid glycoprotein (AG), a serum component elevated during acute inflammation, has been implicated in the suppression of various immunological responses. Pretreatment of lymphoid cells with AG at a concentration commonly found in patients with acute inflammation results in the inhibition of mitogen induced lymp...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cells of the female reproductive tract (FRT) can present antigen to naive and memory T cells. However, the effects of oestrogen, known to modulate immune responses, on antigen presentation in the FRT remain undefined. In the present study, DO11.10 T-cell antigen receptor transgenic mice specific for the class II MHC-r...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03512.x
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:I have briefly reviewed the factors that motivated me to change my views about the existence and importance of suppressor/regulatory T cells and to devote the majority of my laboratory efforts to this newly revitalized area of immunologic research. I am optimistic that manipulation of regulatory T-cell function will s...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02777.x
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Resveratrol is a polyphenol that acts on multiple molecular targets important for cell differentiation and activation. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a functionally diverse cell type and represent the most potent antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. In this study, we investigated resveratrol-induced effects on DC...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03205.x
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The induction of T-cell growth by the T-cell antigen receptor (TcR) is dependent on a co-ordinated process of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of intracellular proteins. An intermediary in this signalling pathway is the serine kinase, p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42MAPK), also known as microtubule-assoc...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1993-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The decay-accelerating factor (DAF) contains four complement control protein repeats (CCPs) with a single N-linked glycan positioned between CCPs 1 and 2. In previous studies we found that the classical pathway regulatory activity of DAF resides in CCPs 2 and 3 while its alternative pathway regulatory activity resides...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00086.x
更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In order to examine the mechanism of specific immunity in the lung, the distribution of Ia antigens and T lymphocyte populations was determined using immunoperoxidase-staining of cryostat sections of lungs from specific pathogen-free rats. BALT was found to be divided into three regions of lymphoid tissue. The central...
journal_title：Immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
