Abstract：
:Experiments often challenge the null hypothesis that an intervention, for instance application of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), has no effect on an outcome measure. In conventional statistics, a positive result rejects that hypothesis, but a null result is meaningless. Informally, however, researchers often do find null results meaningful to a greater or lesser extent. We present a model to guide interpretation of null results in NIBS research. Along a "gradient of surprise," from Replication nulls through Exploration nulls to Hypothesized nulls, null results can be less or more surprising in the context of prior expectations, research, and theory. This influences to what extent we should credit a null result in this greater context. Orthogonal to this, experimental design choices create a "gradient of interpretability," along which null results of an experiment, considered in isolation, become more informative. This is determined by target localization procedure, neural efficacy checks, and power and effect size evaluations. Along the latter gradient, we concretely propose three "levels of null evidence." With caveats, these proposed levels C, B, and A, classify how informative an empirical null result is along concrete criteria. Lastly, to further inform, and help formalize, the inferences drawn from null results, Bayesian statistics can be employed. We discuss how this increasingly common alternative to traditional frequentist inference does allow quantification of the support for the null hypothesis, relative to support for the alternative hypothesis. It is our hope that these considerations can contribute to the ongoing effort to disseminate null findings alongside positive results to promote transparency and reduce publication bias.
journal_name
Front Neuroscijournal_title
Frontiers in neuroscienceauthors
de Graaf TA,Sack ATdoi
10.3389/fnins.2018.00915subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-12-11 00:00:00pages
915eissn
1662-4548issn
1662-453Xjournal_volume
12pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:It was evidenced that impairment of calcium homeostasis is a potential mechanism in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It remains, however, unclear how the calcium signaling are associated with in AD progression. Here we review recent studies to discuss the relationship among the signaling of intracellular c...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2010.00194
更新日期：2010-12-02 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper presents a real-time, low-complexity neuromorphic speech recognition system using a spiking silicon cochlea, a feature extraction module and a population encoding method based Neural Engineering Framework (NEF)/Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) classifier IC. Several feature extraction methods with varying mem...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2018.00160
更新日期：2018-03-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Some studies identified hypo-connectivity, while others showed hyper-connectivity of the insula in the autism spectrum disorders (ASD). These contradictory findings leave open the question of whether and to what extent functional connectivity of the insula is altered and how functional connectivity of the insula is as...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2018.00234
更新日期：2018-04-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuroprosthetic approaches have tremendous potential for the treatment of injuries to the brain and spinal cord by inducing appropriate neural activity in otherwise disordered circuits. Substantial work has demonstrated that stimulation applied to both the central and peripheral nervous system leads to immediate and i...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2014.00021
更新日期：2014-02-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Developments of new strategies to restore vision and improving on current strategies by harnessing new advancements in material and electrical sciences, and biological and genetic-based technologies are of upmost health priorities around the world. Federal and private entities are spending billions of dollars on visua...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3389/fnins.2020.00036
更新日期：2020-02-18 00:00:00
abstract：:In a previous study using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), we found preliminary evidence that phase coherence in the alpha band (8-12 Hz) within the fronto-parietal network may critically support top-down control of spatial attention (van Schouwenburg et al., 2017). Specifically, synchronous alpha-...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2018.00433
更新日期：2018-07-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may be used to directly affect neural activity from outside of the skull. However, its exact physiological mechanisms remain elusive, particularly when applied to new brain areas. The frontal eye field (FEF) has rarely been targeted with tDCS, even though it plays a cruci...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2018.00617
更新日期：2018-09-04 00:00:00
abstract：:While the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel, a non-selective calcium-permeable cation channel with high Ca2+ permeability, mainly integrates physical and chemical stimuli for nociception, recent studies suggest that it has a role beyond a noxious thermal sensor. In fact, TRPV1 is presently b...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2020.00091
更新日期：2020-02-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Inducing somatic cells into neural stem cells (iNSCs) in specific ways provides a new cell therapy in a variety of neurological diseases. In the past, iNSCs were generated by transcription factors which increased the risk of mutagenesis, tumor formations, and immune reactions by viral transduction vectors. Therefore, ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2019.00867
更新日期：2019-09-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Cochlear outer hair cells (OHC) receive direct efferent feedback from the caudal auditory brainstem via the medial olivocochlear (MOC) bundle. This circuit provides the neural substrate for the MOC reflex, which inhibits cochlear amplifier gain and is believed to play a role in listening in noise and protection from a...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2017.00189
更新日期：2017-04-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Although, cochlear implants (CI) traditionally have been used to treat individuals with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss, a recent trend is to implant individuals with residual low-frequency hearing. Notably, many of these individuals demonstrate an air-bone gap (ABG) in low-frequency, pure-tone threshold...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2017.00210
更新日期：2017-04-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Motor performance varies substantially between individuals. This variance is rooted in individuals' innate motor abilities, and should thus have a neural signature underlying these differences in behavior. Could these individual differences be detectable with neural measurements acquired at rest? Here, we tested the h...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2020.00076
更新日期：2020-02-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Neural oscillations in the alpha band (7-13 Hz) are commonly associated with disengagement of visual attention. However, recent studies have also associated alpha with processes of attentional control and stability. We addressed this issue in previous experiments by delivering transcranial alternating current stimulat...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2018.00067
更新日期：2018-02-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Self-control exertion on an initial task has been associated with impaired performance on subsequent physical tasks also requiring self-control; an effect suggested to be mediated by changes in perceptions of pain and motivation. However, the effects of spending longer on the initial self-control task are unknown. Thi...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2020.571312
更新日期：2020-10-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), a patterned repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, was applied over the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to explore its impact in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Among 25 adults with ASD, 19 (mean age: 20...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2017.00255
更新日期：2017-05-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Brain state classification for communication and control has been well established in the area of brain-computer interfaces over the last decades. Recently, the passive and automatic extraction of additional information regarding the psychological state of users from neurophysiological signals has gained increased att...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2016.00244
更新日期：2016-06-10 00:00:00
abstract：:[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01334.]. ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 已发布勘误
doi：10.3389/fnins.2020.00426
更新日期：2020-05-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Emerging evidence suggest an impaired endocannabinoid activity in the pathophysiology of binge eating disorder (BED). Herein, we investigated whether endocannabinoid tone could be modified as a consequence of dietary-induced binge eating in female rats. For this purpose, brain levels of the endocannabinoids anandamide...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2018.00040
更新日期：2018-02-02 00:00:00
abstract：:In functional MRI (fMRI), population receptive field (pRF) models allow a quantitative description of the response as a function of the features of the stimuli that are relevant for each voxel. The most popular pRF model used in fMRI assumes a Gaussian shape in the features space (e.g., the visual field) reducing the ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2020.00825
更新日期：2020-07-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Electrocochleography (ECochG) to high repetition rate tone bursts may have advantages over ECochG to clicks with standard slow rates. Tone burst stimuli presented at a high repetition rate may enhance summating potential (SP) measurements by reducing neural contributions resulting from neural adaptation to high stimul...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2017.00429
更新日期：2017-07-27 00:00:00
abstract：:The feedback-related negativity (FRN) is a mid-frontal event-related potential (ERP) recorded in various cognitive tasks and associated with the onset of sensory feedback signaling decision outcome. Some properties of the FRN are still debated, notably its sensitivity to positive and negative reward prediction error (...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2013.00209
更新日期：2013-11-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Quality assessment of diffusion MRI (dMRI) data is essential prior to any analysis, so that appropriate pre-processing can be used to improve data quality and ensure that the presence of MRI artifacts do not affect the results of subsequent image analysis. Manual quality assessment of the data is subjective, possibly ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2019.01456
更新日期：2020-01-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Tau is an essential protein that physiologically promotes the assembly and stabilization of microtubules, and participates in neuronal development, axonal transport, and neuronal polarity. However, in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), tau undergoes pathological modifications i...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3389/fnins.2018.00441
更新日期：2018-07-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Intracranial chemical injection (ICI) methods have been used to identify the locations in the brain where feeding behavior can be controlled acutely. Scientists conducting ICI studies often document their injection site locations, thereby leaving kernels of valuable location data for others to use to further character...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3389/fnins.2013.00182
更新日期：2013-12-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Neuroscientific imaging evidence (NIE) has become an integral part of the criminal justice system in the United States. However, in most legal cases, NIE is submitted and used only to mitigate penalties because the court does not recognize it as substantial evidence, considering its lack of reliability. Nevertheless, ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2018.00120
更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The melanocortin receptors (MCRs) are a gene family in the rhodopsin class of G protein-coupled receptors. Based on the analysis of several metazoan genome databases it appears that the MCRs are only found in chordates. The presence of five genes in the family (i.e., mc1r, mc2r, mc3r, mc4r, mc5r) in representatives of...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2013.00028
更新日期：2013-04-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major type of cerebrovascular disease with poor prognosis. Recent studies have shown that Glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine (GHK) is a kind of natural human tripeptide which could inhibit inflammation and against neurodegenerative diseases, but neither its role nor the mechanisms in ICH ha...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2020.576389
更新日期：2020-10-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a part of the cerebellar neurodegenerative disease group that is diverse in genetics and phenotypes. It usually shows autosomal dominant inheritance. SCAs, always together with the cerebellar degeneration, may exhibit clinical deficits in brainstem or eye, especially retina or optic ner...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3389/fnins.2020.00892
更新日期：2020-08-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Beside diverse therapeutic properties of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) including: neuroprotection, inflammation and pain alleviation, prophylactic effects have also been reported in animal models of infections, inflammation, and neurological diseases. The availability of PEA as (ultra)micronized nutraceutical formulatio...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2019.00527
更新日期：2019-06-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Object-location memory (OLM) is known to decline with normal aging, a process accelerated in pathological conditions like mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In order to maintain cognitive health and to delay the transition from healthy to pathological conditions, novel strategies are being explored. Tentative evidence s...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2017.00746
更新日期：2018-01-10 00:00:00
