Abstract：
:Experiments often challenge the null hypothesis that an intervention, for instance application of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), has no effect on an outcome measure. In conventional statistics, a positive result rejects that hypothesis, but a null result is meaningless. Informally, however, researchers often do find null results meaningful to a greater or lesser extent. We present a model to guide interpretation of null results in NIBS research. Along a "gradient of surprise," from Replication nulls through Exploration nulls to Hypothesized nulls, null results can be less or more surprising in the context of prior expectations, research, and theory. This influences to what extent we should credit a null result in this greater context. Orthogonal to this, experimental design choices create a "gradient of interpretability," along which null results of an experiment, considered in isolation, become more informative. This is determined by target localization procedure, neural efficacy checks, and power and effect size evaluations. Along the latter gradient, we concretely propose three "levels of null evidence." With caveats, these proposed levels C, B, and A, classify how informative an empirical null result is along concrete criteria. Lastly, to further inform, and help formalize, the inferences drawn from null results, Bayesian statistics can be employed. We discuss how this increasingly common alternative to traditional frequentist inference does allow quantification of the support for the null hypothesis, relative to support for the alternative hypothesis. It is our hope that these considerations can contribute to the ongoing effort to disseminate null findings alongside positive results to promote transparency and reduce publication bias.
journal_name
Front Neuroscijournal_title
Frontiers in neuroscienceauthors
de Graaf TA,Sack ATdoi
10.3389/fnins.2018.00915subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-12-11 00:00:00pages
915eissn
1662-4548issn
1662-453Xjournal_volume
12pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Inhibitory control, the ability to suppress an immediate dominant response, has been shown to predict academic and career success, socioemotional wellbeing, wealth, and physical health. Learning to play a musical instrument engages various sensorimotor processes and draws on cognitive capacities including inhibition a...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2019.01080
更新日期：2019-10-16 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Malfunctions of enteric neurons are believed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Our aim was to investigate whether neuronal activity in biopsies from IBS patients is altered in comparison to healthy controls (HC). METHODS:Activity of human submucous ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2015.00465
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abstract：:Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are important regulators of intracellular signaling pathways via the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosyl residues on various receptor and non-receptor substrates. The phosphorylation state of central nervous system (CNS) signaling components underlies the molecular mechanisms of a ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2012.00192
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abstract：:The linearity and stationarity of fMRI time series need to be understood due to their important roles in the choice of approach for brain network analysis. In this paper, we investigated the stationarity and linearity of resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) time-series data from the Midnight Scan Club datasets. The degree of ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2020.00493
更新日期：2020-06-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Alcohol and drug dependence are serious public health problems worldwide. The prevalence of alcohol and drug dependence in the United States and other parts of the world is significant. Given the limitations in the efficacy of current pharmacotherapies to treat these disorders, research in developing alternative pharm...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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abstract：:In the event-related potential (ERP) of scalp electroencephalography (EEG) studies, the vertex reference (Cz), linked mastoids or ears (LM), and average reference (AVG) are popular reference methods, and the reference electrode standardization technique (REST) is increasingly applied. Because scalp EEG recordings are ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2019.01068
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abstract：:Blood-brain barrier opening (BBBO) with pulsed Focused Ultrasound (pFUS) and microbubbles (MB) has received increasing interest as a method for neurotherapeutics of the central nervous system. In general, conventional MRI [i.e., T2w, T2∗w, gadolinium (Gd) enhanced T1w] is used to monitor the effects of pFUS+MB on BBBO...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
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abstract：Background:Emerging evidence demonstrates that diet-induced obesity disrupts corticolimbic circuits underlying emotional regulation. Studies directed at understanding how obesity alters brain and behavior are easily confounded by a myriad of complications related to obesity. This study investigated the early neurobiolo...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2020.00562
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abstract：:The neural generators of the frequency-following response (FFR), a neural response widely used to study the human auditory system, remain unclear. There is evidence that the balance between cortical and subcortical contributions to the FFR varies with stimulus frequency. In this study, we tried to clarify whether this...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
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abstract：:Persons diagnosed with disorders of consciousness (DOC) typically suffer from motor and cognitive disabilities. Recent research has shown that non-invasive brain-computer interface (BCI) technology could help assess these patients' cognitive functions and command following abilities. 20 DOC patients participated in th...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2020.00294
更新日期：2020-04-09 00:00:00
abstract：:It has long been suggested that sound plays a role in the postural control process. Few studies however have explored sound and posture interactions. The present paper focuses on the specific impact of audition on posture, seeking to determine the attributes of sound that may be useful for postural purposes. We invest...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2017.00357
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abstract：:Orexin neuropeptides influence multiple homeostatic functions and play an essential role in the expression of normal sleep-wake behavior. While their two known receptors (OX1 and OX2) are targets for novel pharmacotherapeutics, the actions mediated by each receptor remain largely unexplored. Using brain slices from mi...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2013.00246
更新日期：2013-12-20 00:00:00
abstract：:The combination of electromyography (EMG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers a powerful non-invasive approach for investigating corticospinal excitability in both humans and animals. Acquiring and analyzing the data produced with this combination of tools requires overcoming multiple technical hurdles....
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2019.00975
更新日期：2019-09-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Background: Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), also known as cervical spondylotic myelopathy is the leading cause of spinal cord compression in adults. The mainstay of treatment is surgical decompression, which leads to partial recovery of symptoms, however, long term prognosis of the condition remains poor. Desp...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type：
doi：10.3389/fnins.2020.00138
更新日期：2020-04-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Microelectrode material and cell culture medium have significant roles in the signal-to-noise ratio and cell well-being in in vitro electrophysiological studies. Here, we report an ion beam assisted e-beam deposition (IBAD) based process as an alternative titanium nitride (TiN) deposition method for sputtering in the ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2018.00882
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abstract：:The visual system is organized in a parallel and hierarchical architecture. However, the plasticity in hierarchical neural networks is controversial across different response features and at different levels. In this study, we recorded areas 17 and 21a, earlier and intermediate stages of the visual cortex in the cat, ...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2019.01039
更新日期：2019-10-11 00:00:00
abstract：Introduction:Our hands, with their exquisite sensors, work in concert with our sensing brain to extract sensory attributes of objects as we engage in daily activities. One in two people with stroke experience impaired body sensation, with negative impact on hand use and return to previous valued activities. Valid, quan...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2020.542590
更新日期：2020-09-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Several works have demonstrated that visual experience plays a critical role in the development of allocentric spatial coding. Indeed, while children with a typical development start to code space by relying on allocentric landmarks from the first year of life, blind children remain anchored to an egocentric perspecti...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2020.00565
更新日期：2020-06-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Sensory loss involves irreversible behavioral and neural changes. Paradigms of short-term limb immobilization mimic deprivation of proprioceptive inputs and motor commands, which occur after the loss of limb use. While several studies have shown that short-term immobilization induced motor control impairments, the ori...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2020.00696
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper introduces Pyff, the Pythonic feedback framework for feedback applications and stimulus presentation. Pyff provides a platform-independent framework that allows users to develop and run neuroscientific experiments in the programming language Python. Existing solutions have mostly been implemented in C++, wh...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
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doi：10.3389/fnins.2010.00179
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abstract：:Cerebral ischemia is a complex pathology involving a cascade of cellular mechanisms, which deregulate proteostasis and lead to neuronal death. Proteostasis refers to the equilibrium between protein synthesis, folding, transport, and protein degradation. Within the brain proteostasis plays key roles in learning and mem...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3389/fnins.2019.00637
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journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3389/fnins.2016.00492
更新日期：2016-11-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) are perceived as a homogeneous population of cells that divide infrequently and are capable of multi-lineage differentiation. However, recent data revealed that independent stem cell lineages act in parallel to maintain neurogenesis and provide a cellular source for tissue repair. In add...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3389/fnins.2014.00032
更新日期：2014-02-25 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was to explore the mechanisms underlying 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) induced brain edema by focusing on alteration of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in rat astrocytes induced by 2-chloroethanol (2-CE), an intermediate metabolite of 1,2-DCE in vivo. Protein and mRNA levels of MMP-2, and the phosphorylat...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2016.00593
更新日期：2017-01-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Stroke patients often use trunk to compensate for impaired upper limb motor function during upper limb rehabilitation training, which results in a reduced rehabilitation training effect. Detecting trunk compensations can improve the effect of rehabilitation training. This study investigates the feasibility of a surfac...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2019.01250
更新日期：2019-11-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Hemispheric asymmetry of hippocampal volume is a common finding that has biological relevance, including associations with dementia and cognitive performance. However, a recent study has reported the possibility of systematic error in measurements of hippocampal asymmetry by magnetic resonance volumetry. We manually t...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2012.00179
更新日期：2012-12-13 00:00:00
abstract：:This review focuses on how behavioral profile is shaped by early adversity in individuals with varying serotonin transporter (5-HTT) genotype. In a recent study on 5-HTT knockout mice Heiming et al. (2009) simulated a 'dangerous environment' by confronting pregnant and lactating females with odor cues of unfamiliar ma...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2010.00187
更新日期：2010-12-08 00:00:00
abstract：:SpiNNaker is a digital neuromorphic architecture, designed specifically for the low power simulation of large-scale spiking neural networks at speeds close to biological real-time. Unlike other neuromorphic systems, SpiNNaker allows users to develop their own neuron and synapse models as well as specify arbitrary conn...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3389/fnins.2018.00105
更新日期：2018-02-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Metallothioneins (MTs) are proteins that function by metal exchange to regulate the bioavailability of metals, such as zinc and copper. Copper functions in the brain to regulate mitochondria, neurotransmitter production, and cell signaling. Inappropriate copper binding can result in loss of protein function and Cu(I)/...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3389/fnins.2017.00114
更新日期：2017-04-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Amyloid fibrils are physiologically insoluble biophysically specific β-sheet rich structures formed by the aggregation of misfolded proteins. In vivo tissue amyloid formation is responsible for more than 30 different disease states in humans and other mammals. One of these, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is the most common...
journal_title：Frontiers in neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3389/fnins.2017.00119
更新日期：2017-03-15 00:00:00
