Abstract:
:Microglia are the innate sentinels of the central nervous system (CNS) and are responsible for the homeostasis and immune defense of the CNS. Under the influence of the local environment and cell-cell interaction, microglia exhibit a multidimensional and context-dependent phenotypes that can be cytotoxic and neuroprotective. Recent studies suggest that microglia express multitudinous types of lectins, including galectins, Siglecs, mannose-binding lectins (MBLs) and other glycan binding proteins. Because most studies that examine lectins focus on the peripheral system, the functions of lectins have not been critically investigated in the CNS. In addition, the types of brain cells that contribute to the altered levels of lectins present in diseases are often unclear. In this review, we will discuss how galectins, Siglecs, selectins and MBLs contribute to the dynamic functions of microglia. The interacting ligands of these lectins are complex glycoconjugates, which consist of glycoproteins and glycolipids that are expressed on microglia or surrounding cells. The current understanding of the heterogeneity and functions of glycans in the brain is limited. Galectins are a group of pleotropic proteins that recognize both β-galactoside-containing glycans and non- β-galactoside-containing proteins. The function and regulation of galectins have been implicated in immunomodulation, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, phagocytosis and oxidative bursts. Most Siglecs are expressed at a low level on the plasma membrane and bind to sialic acid residues for immunosurveillance and cell-cell communication. Siglecs are classified based on their inhibitory and activatory downstream signaling properties. Inhibitory Siglecs negatively regulate microglia activation upon recognizing the intact sialic acid patterns and vice versa. MBLs are expressed upon infection in cytoplasm and can be secreted in order to recognize molecules containing terminal mannose as an innate immune defense machinery. Most importantly, multiple studies have reported dysregulation of lectins in neurological disorders. Here, we reviewed recent studies on microglial lectins and their functions in CNS health and disease, and suggest that these lectin families are novel, potent therapeutic targets for neurological diseases.
journal_name
Front Mol Neuroscijournal_title
Frontiers in molecular neuroscienceauthors
Siew JJ,Chern Ydoi
10.3389/fnmol.2018.00158subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-05-14 00:00:00pages
158issn
1662-5099journal_volume
11pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) is a Na+-dependent transporter that plays a key role in glutamate homeostasis by removing excess glutamate in the central nervous system (CNS). GLT-1 dysregulation occurs in various neurological diseases including Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease ...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00164
更新日期:2019-07-09 00:00:00
abstract::M/Kv7 potassium channels play a key role in regulation of neuronal excitability. Modulation of neuronal excitability of primary sensory neurons determines the itch sensation induced by a variety of itch-causing substances including chloroquine (CQ). In the present study, we demonstrate that suppression of M/Kv7 channe...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2020.00105
更新日期:2020-06-30 00:00:00
abstract::The ventrolateral hypothalamic parvafox (formerly called PV1-Foxb1) nucleus is an anatomical entity of recent discovery and unknown function. With a view to gaining an insight into its putative functional role(s), we conducted a gene-microarray analysis and, armed with the forthcoming data, controlled the results with...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00008
更新日期:2017-01-23 00:00:00
abstract::SYNGAP1, a Synaptic Ras-GTPase activating protein, regulates synapse maturation during a critical developmental window. Heterozygous mutation in SYNGAP1 (SYNGAP1-/+) has been shown to cause Intellectual Disability (ID) in children. Recent studies have provided evidence for altered neuronal protein synthesis in a mouse...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00097
更新日期:2019-05-09 00:00:00
abstract::Among all organs of an adult animal, the central nervous system stands out because of its vast complexity and morphological diversity. During early development, the entire central nervous system develops from an apparently homogenous group of progenitors that differentiate into all neural cell types. Therefore, unders...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00140
更新日期:2019-05-31 00:00:00
abstract::In the past two decades, yeast models have delivered profound insights into basic mechanisms of protein misfolding and the dysfunction of key cellular pathways associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Expressing ALS-associated proteins, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD1), TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-4...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00394
更新日期:2018-10-30 00:00:00
abstract::Control of proper protein synthesis, function, and turnover is essential for the health of all cells. In neurons these demands take on the additional importance of supporting and regulating the highly dynamic connections between neurons that are necessary for cognitive function, learning, and memory. Regulating multip...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2014.00063
更新日期:2014-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI) causes excessive release of glutamate from neurons. Astrocytic glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) and glutamine synthetase (GS) together play a predominant role in maintaining glutamate at normal extracellular concentrations. Though our previous studies reported the alleviation o...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00344
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) protein is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system and retinal neurons, where it regulates many vital processes such as synaptic transmission. It coordinates three calcium ions by EF-hands 2-4, thereby transducing Ca2+ signals to a wide range of protein targets, including G...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00459
更新日期:2018-12-14 00:00:00
abstract::The central, lateral and basolateral amygdala (BLA) nuclei are essential for the formation of long-term memories including emotional and drug-related memories. Studying cellular and molecular mechanisms of memory in amygdala may lead to better understanding of how memory is formed and of fear and addiction-related dis...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2016.00023
更新日期:2016-03-31 00:00:00
abstract::Background: Galectins, a family of non-classically secreted, β-galactoside binding proteins is involved in several brain disorders; however, no systematic knowledge on the normal neuroanatomical distribution and functions of galectins exits. Hence, the major purpose of this study was to understand spatial distribution...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2016.00139
更新日期:2016-12-16 00:00:00
abstract::Synaptic vesicle proteins 2 (SV2) were discovered in the early 80s, but the clear demonstration that SV2A is the target of efficacious anti-epileptic drugs from the racetam family stimulated efforts to improve understanding of its role in the brain. Many functions have been suggested for SV2 proteins including ions or...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00148
更新日期:2017-05-22 00:00:00
abstract::Time-Place learning (TPL) refers to the ability of animals to remember important events that vary in both time and place. This ability is thought to be functional to optimize resource localization and predator avoidance in a circadian changing environment. Various studies have indicated that animals use their circadia...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2013.00008
更新日期:2013-04-11 00:00:00
abstract::Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of senile dementia, characterized by neurofibrillary tangle and amyloid plaque in brain pathology. Major efforts in AD drug were devoted to the interference with the production and accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), which plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of ...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2020.00137
更新日期:2020-08-04 00:00:00
abstract::We propose that brain energy deficit is an important pre-symptomatic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that requires closer attention in the development of AD therapeutics. Our rationale is fourfold: (i) Glucose uptake is lower in the frontal cortex of people >65 years-old despite cognitive scores that are normal fo...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2016.00053
更新日期:2016-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Age-progressive neurodegenerative pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are distinguished and diagnosed by disease-specific components of intra- or extra-cellular aggregates. Increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation promotes protein aggregation, and is involved in the etiology of neurological dis...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00310
更新日期:2019-12-12 00:00:00
abstract::Mitochondrial dysfunction is a prominent trait of cellular decline during aging and intimately linked to neuronal degeneration during Parkinson's disease (PD). Various proteins associated with PD have been shown to differentially impact mitochondrial dynamics, quality control and function, including the leucine-rich r...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00205
更新日期:2018-06-21 00:00:00
abstract::γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) mediate the majority of fast synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system (CNS). GABAARs belong to the Cys-loop superfamily of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGIC) and are assembled from 19 different subunits. As dysfunctional GABAergic neurotransmission mani...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00191
更新日期:2019-08-07 00:00:00
abstract::Status epilepticus (SE, a prolonged seizure activity) leads to reactive astrogliosis and astroglial apoptosis in the regional specific manners, independent of hemodynamics. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) activity is relevant to these distinct astroglial responses. Since various regulatory signaling molecules be...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00180
更新日期:2019-07-24 00:00:00
abstract::The role of ion channels in neurons and muscles has been well characterized. However, recent work has demonstrated both the presence and necessity of ion channels in diverse cell types for morphological development. For example, mutations that disrupt ion channels give rise to abnormal structural development in specie...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2020.00099
更新日期:2020-06-09 00:00:00
abstract::Neurosensory responses of hearing and balance are mediated by receptors in specialized neuroepithelial sensory cells. Any disruption of the biochemical and molecular pathways that facilitate these responses can result in severe deficits, including hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Hearing is affected by both en...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00236
更新日期:2017-07-31 00:00:00
abstract::Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in an irreversible disability due to loss of sensorimotor function below the lesion. Presently, clinical treatments for SCI mainly include surgery, drugs and postoperative rehabilitation. The prospective roles of bioscaffolds and exosomes in several neurological diseases have been r...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00081
更新日期:2019-04-12 00:00:00
abstract::Although numerous studies have indicated that chronic stress causes cognitive dysfunction with the impairment of synaptic structures and functions, the relationship between cognitive deficits induced by repeated restraint stress and the level of NMDA receptors in the subregion of the hippocampus has been relatively un...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2020.552787
更新日期:2020-10-19 00:00:00
abstract::The ubiquitous metabolic intermediary and nucleoside adenosine is a "master regulator" in all living systems. Under baseline conditions adenosine kinase (ADK) is the primary enzyme for the metabolic clearance of adenosine. By regulating the availability of adenosine, ADK is a critical upstream regulator of complex hom...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2016.00099
更新日期:2016-10-20 00:00:00
abstract::Oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage has been implicated to play a dominant role in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nicotine, a principal additive compound for tobacco users, is thought as a candidate to attenuate amyloid-β-mediated neurotoxicity and NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. Prev...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2020.557647
更新日期:2020-11-12 00:00:00
abstract::A fundamental characteristic of neurons is the relationship between the architecture of the polarized neuron and synaptic transmission between neurons. Intracellular membrane trafficking is paramount to establish and maintain neuronal structure; perturbation in trafficking results in defects in neurodevelopment and ne...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2020.597391
更新日期:2020-11-26 00:00:00
abstract::The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) are major excitatory receptors that mediate fast neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. The surface expression of functional AMPARs is crucial for synaptic transmission and plasticity. AMPAR auxiliary subunits control ...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00055
更新日期:2017-03-02 00:00:00
abstract::Despite numerous clinical studies, which have investigated the therapeutic potential of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in various brain diseases, our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying rTMS-based therapies remains limited. Thus, a deeper understanding of rTMS-induced neu...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2013.00050
更新日期:2013-12-17 00:00:00
abstract::Itch, a sensation eliciting a desire to scratch, is distinct from but not completely independent of pain. Inspiring achievements have been made in the characterization of itch-related receptors and neurotransmitters, but the molecular mechanisms controlling the development of pruriceptors remain poorly understood. Her...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00205
更新日期:2017-06-28 00:00:00
abstract::Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by visual field defects that ultimately lead to irreversible blindness (Alward, 2000; Anderson et al., 2006). By the year 2020, an estimated 80 million people will have glaucoma, 11 million of which will be bilaterally blind. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) i...
journal_title:Frontiers in molecular neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnmol.2014.00038
更新日期:2014-05-19 00:00:00