Abstract：
BACKGROUND:Executive dysfunction is one of the most destructive sequelae of closed head injuries (CHI), often impeding or even preventing the patient's return to normal functioning. On the basis of extensive clinical testing of patients with neurobehavioral disturbances resulting from CHI, the authors propose a new typology of executive dysfunction based on the primary behavioral distinction between active ('acting without thinking') and passive ('thinking without acting') forms of executive function disorder. MATERIAL/METHODS:Two patients were selected for detailed presentation. Both present with mild to moderate motor and cognitive symptoms resulting from closed head injury. The medical histories of the two patients are similar (educated professionals, mid-40s, married with children, injuries suffered in a traffic accident, 2 months in coma) except for the location of focal injuries. RESULTS:Despite considerable progress in rehabilitation, the extent of functional disorder is disproportionately large in comparison to the degree of objective disability measured by standard instruments. It is suggested that the reason for this disparity lies in executive dysfunction. In particular, a model for executive functioning will be presented to explain why and how selective destruction of particular anatomical/functional components leads to the behavioral consequences known as 'executive dysfunction'. CONCLUSIONS:Executive dysfunction is a distinct clinical syndrome which occurs in at least two distinguishable varieties, active and passive.
journal_name
Med Sci Monitjournal_title
Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical researchauthors
Pachalska M,Kurzbauer H,Talar J,MacQueen BDsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-01-01 00:00:00pages
CS1-9issue
1eissn
1234-1010issn
1643-3750pii
2320journal_volume
8pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:BACKGROUND Leptin plays a crucial role in bone metabolism, and its level is related to bone callus formation in the fracture repair process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of recombinant leptin on the healing process of femoral fractures in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-eight male Sprague Da...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.899259
更新日期：2017-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes impairs the healing process and induces apoptosis of fibroblasts, which are thought to be involved in this process. We investigated the possible mechanisms involved in AGEs-induced apoptosis of human dermal fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined the expression of apoptosis-related pro...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.915806
更新日期：2019-10-06 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Serum CA-125 has been used as a biomarker of gynecological tumors. In this study, we investigated the CA-125 levels in cervical and vaginal secretions from Chinese patients with endometrial polyps, hyperplasia and carcinoma in comparison with those in endometrium and serum. MATERIAL/METHODS:An electro-chemi...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.882046
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Oxidative stress in myocardial ischemia results in cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The expression of microRNA-141-3p (miR-141-3p) and the 105 kD toll-like receptor protein (TLR), RP105, have been identified in cardiomyocytes in vitro. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hypoxia in H9c2 rat cardiomyoblas...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.916361
更新日期：2019-09-18 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to study the effects of 1-alpha,25-dihydroxy-cholecalcifero (1,25(OH)2D3) on liver fibrosis and the generation of Th17 cells in vivo and in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty C57 mice were randomly divided into control, model, and treatment groups. Hepatic fibrosis was induced by s...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.904271
更新日期：2017-04-29 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in adults, with recent reports of increased severity and case fatality. Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) are increasingly recognized and treatable complications of severe illness in med...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Diabetic nephropathy is a common cause of end-stage renal disease, responsible for about 35% of renal replacement therapy cases. The susceptibility to nephropathy is due to environmental and genetic factors and varies among individuals. Mutations of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene have b...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a common gynecologic disorder with enigmatic etiopathogenesis and is characterized by tumor-like biological behaviors. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have attracted considerable attention because they exert very important functions in the progression of human cancers. However, little is...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.913885
更新日期：2018-12-19 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of prosthetic material and framework design on the stress within dental implants and peripheral bone using finite element analysis (FEA). MATERIAL AND METHODS A mandibular implant-supported fixed dental prosthesis with different prosthetic materials [cob...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.908208
更新日期：2018-06-22 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to analyze the pathological changes, clinical characteristics and changes in immunity, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in children with Castleman's disease (CD). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 15 CD child patients were enrolled as observation group, while 20 norm...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.924783
更新日期：2020-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation are associated with increased risk of complications in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However, the relationship between IR and the important proinflammatory interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is unclear in CKD patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.906269
更新日期：2018-02-13 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Competing risk analysis determines the probability of survival and considers competing events. This retrospective study aimed to undertake a competing risk analysis of prognosis in patients with esophageal carcinoma between 2006-2015 using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) dat...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.918686
更新日期：2020-01-22 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:The aim was to study the role of lipid peroxides, nitric oxide and anti-oxidants in pre-eclampsia and essential hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS:The study was done in 28 patients with pre-eclampsia and 30 patients of essential hypertension. The plasma concentrations of lipid peroxides as a measure of pr...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Aortic cross-clamping during abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) open repair leads to development of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) spin-trapping is a valuable method of direct measurement of free radicals. The objective of the study was to evaluate the results of...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.890774
更新日期：2014-11-27 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In recent years several studies showed an association between body iron stores, represented by serum ferritin, and oxidative stress. The pathophysiological mechanism of hypertensive retinopathy (HR) is not fully established. Elevated blood pressure alone does not fully account for the extent of retinopathy; ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in various human cancer types. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression remain poorly understood. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, lncRNA array was used to identify HCC related lncRNAs. RNA immunoprecipit...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.911179
更新日期：2018-11-25 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Prophylaxis of toxoplasmic encephalitis was performed with pyrimethamine in 6 patients with advanced HIV infection during combination therapy with protease inhibitors. MATERIAL/METHODS:Steady-state plasma pyrimethamine (PYR) levels were measured by gas chromatography. Protease inhibitor plasma concentration...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes show genomic variations, resulting in different CpG islands in each HBV genotypes or subgenotype. This study aimed to establish reference sequences for each HBV subgenotype of A-H genotypes and to analyze the characteristics of the CpG islands. MATERIAL AND METHODS There we...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.910049
更新日期：2018-09-25 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Surface characters of culture plates affect cellular behaviors such as cellular alignment and elongation. Microgrooves guide the cell growth along the grooves and spread. The aim of this study was to observe the effect of fibronectin (FN)-coated micro-grooved titanium plates on the alignment, spread, adhesi...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.903883
更新日期：2017-10-04 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the expression of CD35 and CD64 from white blood cells (neutrophil, monocytes, and lymphocytes) and acute infectious diseases in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS The blood samples were collected from 104 children with infections (42 viral infecti...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.914527
更新日期：2019-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Although extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is known to be critical for osteoclast differentiation, there are few studies on how fluid shear stress (FSS) regulates osteoclast differentiation through the ERK5 signaling pathway. We examined the expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.918370
更新日期：2020-01-08 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent used to treat colon cancer. Despite impressive initial clinical responses, drug resistance has dramatically compromised the effectiveness of DOX. However, the underlying mechanisms of chemotherapeutic resistance in colon cancer remain poorly understood. M...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.913325
更新日期：2019-03-24 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Calcium overload, inflammation, and apoptosis play important roles in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). Gastrodin pretreatment can alleviate MIRI. This study observed sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase (Ca2+-ATPase, SERCA) and calcium phosphate (PLB) protein expression in the ventr...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.896835
更新日期：2016-09-19 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Transplantation with allogeneic cells has become a promising modality for cancer therapy, which can induce graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect. This study was aimed at assessing the safety, efficacy, and tissue type GVT (tGVT) response of transplantation with allogeneic skin tumors to treat chemically-induced s...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.900148
更新日期：2016-09-02 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Septin9 is a member of GTP-binding protein family, and is used as a predictive diagnostic index. However, it has not been widely adopted due to inconsistent results reported in the literature. The present study was performed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of methylated Septin9 (mSEPT9) for colorectal ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.900590
更新日期：2016-09-25 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Retinoblastoma (Rb) is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumour in childhood. The "two hit" theory, formulated by Knudson in 1971 to explain the variegated clinical expression of the disease, led to the discovery of the so called tumour suppressor genes and the identification of the Rb1 as the pr...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The CD95 gene plays a key role in regulating cell growth and tumor genesis. To date, several publications have focused on the CD95 rs1800682A/G site polymorphism and various types of tumors in Asians; however, this association is still controversial and obscure. Therefore, a meta-analysis combined with all p...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.12659/MSM.892547
更新日期：2015-02-27 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:To examine the effect of probiotics as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A sample size of 30 subjects was calculated to determine a moderate effect. MATERIAL/METHODS:A three month double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed using probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.12659/msm.881808
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The possibility of functional tethered cord syndrome (TCS) should be considered when adolescent patients present with unexplained lumbar, buttock, and leg symptoms. Symptoms progress if untreated. Success depends on early diagnosis, the complete untethering of the spinal cord, and rehabilitation. A rare case...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND In existing research on the importance of student breakfast, few studies have focused on the impact of breakfast on student cognitive development. Further, empirical research in this field is mostly based correlation analysis, in which it is difficult to control the influence of selection bias on the analys...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.920459
更新日期：2019-11-22 00:00:00
