Abstract：
BACKGROUND:Retinoblastoma (Rb) is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumour in childhood. The "two hit" theory, formulated by Knudson in 1971 to explain the variegated clinical expression of the disease, led to the discovery of the so called tumour suppressor genes and the identification of the Rb1 as the prototype of such genes. Mutations of the Rb1 gene are now commonly believed to be the "cause" retinoblastoma, although epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidences argue against it. MATERIAL/METHODS:The Authors have performed a systematic review of available data concerning clinical and diagnostic aspects of retinoblastoma, including molecular genetics. Meta analysis of literature data has been performed in order to validate some of the predictions made by the two hit theory. RESULTS:The following theses are discussed in detail: 1) there is no difference in the age at diagnosis between unilateral and bilateral retinoblastoma; 2) the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying familial, hereditary, and sporadic retinoblastoma are different; 3) bilateral retinoblastoma is not necessarily hereditary; 4) The real incidence of the unilateral phenotype within the familial group is disproportionately higher than that predicted by the "two hit"; 5) retinoblastoma is most probably "caused" by the combination of epigenetic factors and aneuploidy. CONCLUSIONS:Epidemiological, clinical, and more recent biological and genetic evidences, show that the "two hit" theory represents a rather simplistic, outdated, and unreliable model to explain tumour development and clinical evolution of retinoblastoma.
journal_name
Med Sci Monitjournal_title
Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical researchauthors
Mastrangelo D,De Francesco S,Di Leonardo A,Lentini L,Hadjistilianou Tsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-12-01 00:00:00pages
RA231-40issue
12eissn
1234-1010issn
1643-3750pii
869470journal_volume
14pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：AIM OF THE STUDY:Determination of correlation between Doppler parameters in the evaluation of fetal state and biochemical and clinical determinants of birth status of the newborn. MATERIAL:30 full-term pregnancies. METHODS:Doppler parameters were determined in maternal vessels (uterine and arcuate arteries), fetal ve...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Freezing of Gait (FOG) can be a serious problem in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is usually refractory to medical treatment. Botulinum toxin (BTX) type A has been reported to relieve FOG in small open label studies. MATERIAL/METHODS:We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study using ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：
更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Studies have assessed the association between Interleukin-10 (IL-10) -1082A/G polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy (DN) risk, but the results were inconclusive and contradictory. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the association between IL10-1082A/G polymorphism and DN risk. MATERIAL A...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.12659/MSM.892972
更新日期：2015-03-25 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND This study investigated the prevalence and severity of low back pain (LBP), caesarean section (C-section) rate, and the anesthesia approaches among lumbar scoliosis patients undergoing anterior correction surgery, and compared them with a healthy control cohort. MATERIAL AND METHODS The inclusion criteria f...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.926960
更新日期：2020-10-17 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) aggravates the overall severity in COPD patients, resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. However, there are no objective biomarkers currently available to predict the development of AECOPD. Several studies have indicated that galecti...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.903472
更新日期：2017-09-26 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The objective of the present study was to identify the association between miR-15a-5p and CDKN2B, and their roles in regulating the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). MATERIAL AND METHODS We searched the miRNA database online (www.mirdb.org) and used a luciferase reporter assay system to study ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.898233
更新日期：2017-02-18 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND In most cases, biliary tract intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (BT-IPMN) is depicted by pathological features rather than on imaging modalities, but fine-needle aspiration cytology cannot provide complete information on tumor(s). Computed tomography (CT) has the advantage of high spatial resolution an...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.920952
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), which is characterized by enlarged ventricular dimensions and systolic dysfunction, is the most common type of cardiomyopathy. Mutations in the LMNA gene are reported in approximately 10% of familial DCM cases. However, the mechanism of LMNA mutations in human DCM remains uncle...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.924576
更新日期：2020-06-14 00:00:00
abstract：:We report the case of a 70-year-old woman with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction of the anterior wall, complicated by ventricular septal rupture (two septal defects--VSDs) with symptoms of cardiogenic shock. After 6 weeks of conservative treatment with inotropes and intra-aortic balloon support, the patient u...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.881917
更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a subgroup of activated CD4+ T cells in the germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs, they play critical roles in the development of many chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether circulating Tfh cells contribute to th...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.914868
更新日期：2019-04-25 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND To identify the overall effects of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) on the heart, we evaluated the heart findings and clinical characteristics of deceased patients diagnosed with PTE. MATERIAL AND METHODS PTEs were classified into 2 categories: fatal and contributory. Cases with a history of cardiopulmonary ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.897695
更新日期：2016-04-27 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Recent research suggests that abnormal Ca2+ handling plays a role in the occurrence and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF). Therefore, Ca2+ release and ingestion depend on properties of the ryanodine receptor (RyR) and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase2a (SERCA2a). This study aimed to detect whether SE...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.904824
更新日期：2017-08-16 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The factors associated with osteoporosis are poorly understood in the Chinese population. This study aimed to examine the factors associated with osteoporosis and with fractures in a Chinese elderly population. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of elderly people living in Tianjin between...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.914182
更新日期：2019-07-27 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Although radioiodine therapy (RIT) efficacy is thoroughly validated for Graves disease (GD), there is a lack of research on the predictive factors of RIT, especially the optimal thyroid-absorbed dose (TD) with a shorter effective half-life (Teff ≤5 days). The goal of this study was to explore the predictive...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.928796
更新日期：2021-01-26 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The ideal outcome in total hip arthroplasty (THA) with endoprosthesis is the elimination of pain and the recovery of a normal range of movement in the affected hip joint, which is essential in order to improve the gait and restore the quality of life. In rehabilitation programs aimed at teaching patients to ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The purpose of our study was to investigate both qualitatively and quantitatively the microbial content of probiotic products licensed for medicinal purposes. MATERIAL/METHODS:Microbiological analysis was performed on five different brands of probiotic products that claimed to contain lactobacilli and/or bi...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is one of the most common malignant tumors and has high incidence and mortality rates. The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family is known as a key transcription factor in the IFN signaling pathway and cellular immunity. This research explored the relationship between the IRF ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.927073
更新日期：2020-11-08 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Leukemia seriously threats human health and life. MicroRNA regulates cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle. Whether microRNA could be treated as a target for leukemia is still unclear and the mechanism by which microRNA143 regulates K562 cells needs further investigation. MATERIAL AND METHOD...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.895833
更新日期：2016-08-05 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Thyroid hormones could affect renal function, and conversely renal function disturbances may affect thyroid function. Disturbances of the thyroid hormone concentration are often connected with thyroid gland enlargement. The aim of study was to estimate the function and morphology of the thyroid and kidney gr...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1163/2211730x04x00055
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Giardiasis is caused by the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (synonyms: G. lamblia, G. intestinalis), which is one of the most frequent parasites that infect Turkish children. However, molecular characterization of G. duodenalis in Turkey is relatively scarce. The present work aimed at genoty...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.892318
更新日期：2015-02-18 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an enzyme of the tyrosine kinase group linked to signaling pathways between cells and the extracellular matrix. In tumor cells in vitro, FAK expression correlated with their ability for invasion and metastasis. Additionally, in vivo FAK has been implicated in malignant transfor...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:This study was designed to clarify the significance of washout rate (WR) determined from 99mTc-sestamibi myocardial scintigraphic images and the levels of cardiac enzymes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). MATERIAL/METHODS:A total of 56 consecu...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.881447
更新日期：2011-02-25 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Current findings suggest that more attention needs to be given to the increase in body mass achieved by disabled populations, especially by individuals with mental retardation, to minimize long-term negative health consequences. Accordingly, it would be of interest to design adequate strategies based on phys...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in therapeutic angiogenesis. Besides, resveratrol (RSV) exerts many pharmacological functions in regulation of cell function. Furthermore, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been considered to be of great significance in biological process. In this study, we a...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.917013
更新日期：2019-10-13 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to analyze the pathological changes, clinical characteristics and changes in immunity, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in children with Castleman's disease (CD). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 15 CD child patients were enrolled as observation group, while 20 norm...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.924783
更新日期：2020-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies. Cucurbitacin B (CuB) is a natural compound isolated from herbs and shows anticancer activity in several cancers. MATERIAL AND METHODS Here, we analyzed the effects of different CuB concentrations on the proliferative and invasive...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.911594
更新日期：2018-12-19 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:We aimed to measure the levels of inflammatory markers and neopterin in obese and non-obese patients with PCOS by using 2 separate control groups with matching body mass index (BMI). MATERIAL AND METHODS:A total of 60 women of reproductive age with (n=30) and without (n=30) PCOS were included in this study....
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.894368
更新日期：2015-08-20 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Considering the high prevalence of dementia, it would be of great value to develop effective tools to improve cognitive function. We examined the effects of a human-type communication robot on cognitive function in elderly women living alone. MATERIAL/METHODS:In this study, 34 healthy elderly female volunte...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.12659/msm.883350
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：UNLABELLED:BACKGROUND; Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a condition characterized by amyloid deposition in the walls of leptomeningal and cerebral cortical blood vessels. Clinically, CAA results in recurrent lobar haemorrhage that frequently presents with cognitive impairment or recurrent cerebral ischaemic events....
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Hormonal studies in patients with multiple sclerosis are rare and they often produce results which are difficult to interpret. These investigations, however, are becoming more and more important as they may cast some light on possible interrelationships between hormonal and immune systems. The aim of the pre...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00
