Abstract：
:BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes show genomic variations, resulting in different CpG islands in each HBV genotypes or subgenotype. This study aimed to establish reference sequences for each HBV subgenotype of A-H genotypes and to analyze the characteristics of the CpG islands. MATERIAL AND METHODS There were 3,037 retrieved whole-genome sequences of HBV genotypes A-H from GenBank, 28 subgenotype reference sequences were established for these genotypes. CpG islands of the subgenotype reference sequences were analyzed, and 939 strains were selected from the 3,037 genomic sequences. Differences in CpG islands between subgenotypes were compared using the chi-squared and non-parametric tests. RESULTS Of the 28 subgenotype reference sequences established, 11 subgenotype reference sequences lacked CpG island I, and only F4 contained a new CpG island. Of all selected strains, 48.35% (454/939) contained three traditional CpG islands I, II, and III (no new islands); 45.05% (423/939) lacked CpG island I; 38.98% (366/939) contained only CpG islands II and III; and 12.46% (117/939) contained new islands (genotypes A1, D7) (genotype G had no new islands). Strains with or without CpG island I, or new islands between subgenotypes of each HBV genotype were significantly different (P<0.05). Strains containing CpG islands I, II, and III and new islands among different subtypes in HBV genotypes A, C, and F were significantly different (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Different HBV genotypes and subgenotypes had characteristic CpG island patterns. Strains with or without CpG island I, or new islands among subgenotypes of each HBV genotype, were significantly different.
journal_name
Med Sci Monitjournal_title
Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical researchauthors
Chen L,Shi Y,Yang W,Zhang Y,Xie Q,Li Y,Li X,Li J,Zhang Zdoi
10.12659/MSM.910049subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-09-25 00:00:00pages
6781-6794eissn
1234-1010issn
1643-3750pii
910049journal_volume
24pub_type
杂志文章abstract：BACKGROUND:Allergic rhinitis is considered a risk factor for bronchial asthma. It therefore seems essential to identify patients threatened with this disease in whom no disturbing bronchial symptoms have occurred. The study's aim was to evaluate the incidence of nonspecific bronchial hyperactivity based on exercise res...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Predictive values of admission blood glucose for early hematoma expansion in patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) remain controversial. Blend sign is a novel image predictor for early hematoma growth that suggests presence of active bleeding. We investigated the association between hyperglycemia and ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.910024
更新日期：2018-09-07 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Interferon alpha (IFNalpha) exerts its anti-proliferative effect on many human cancers. Among the 13 subtypes of human IFNalpha, IFNalpha-1 subtype has 2 variants, named IFNalpha-1a and IFNalpha-1b, that differ from each other in only 1 amino acid, at residue 114. However, the mechanism by which IFNalpha-1a...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.917097
更新日期：2019-09-22 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Previous research showed that Jin-Fu-An decoction has a significant effect on lung cancer. However, it remains unclear whether p120ctn and its transcription factor Kaiso play a role in lung cancer cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and metastasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Proliferation inhibition was dete...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.909748
更新日期：2018-05-08 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:L-arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide, may restore nitric oxide levels and bioavailability and influence symptom severity, quality of life (QoL), physical performance, and left ventricular (LV) diastolic abnormalities in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HF). The aim was to evaluate the effec...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：
更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Giardiasis is caused by the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (synonyms: G. lamblia, G. intestinalis), which is one of the most frequent parasites that infect Turkish children. However, molecular characterization of G. duodenalis in Turkey is relatively scarce. The present work aimed at genoty...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.892318
更新日期：2015-02-18 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The Digital Speech Aid (DSA) is a pocket-sized device used for speech correction in stutterers. The device modifies the patient's auditory feedback with the use of Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF) and Frequency-shifted Auditory Feedback (FAF). Both methods are well-known to improve speech fluency in stutterin...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.882191
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Frequent co-existence of bronchial asthma and depression or anxiety is an unquestioned phenomenon. In contrast, little is known about the relationship between the degree of asthma control and the prevalence of depression and anxiety. The aim of this study was to determine the potential relationship between t...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.882524
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to explore the function and mechanism of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor agonist (PPARγ) in the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)/nod-like receptor with pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammatory corpuscle pathway of asthmatic mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighteen female...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.910766
更新日期：2018-12-13 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND More and more recent studies have clearly shown that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) should be considered as a fundamental part of the ceRNA network, mainly because lncRNA can act as miRNA sponges to regulate the protein-coding gene expression. Nevertheless, it is still not clear how lncRNA-mediated ceRNAs fun...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.913471
更新日期：2019-04-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Aggressiveness is an ancestral behavior common to all animal species. Its neurophysiological mechanisms are similar in all vertebrates. Males are generally more aggressive than females. In this review, aggressive behavior in rodents, monkeys, and man and the role of testosterone and brain serotonin levels have been co...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor of increasingly wide application in the treatment of different gastroenterological diseases. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of omeprazole (O) on the level of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA). MATERIAL AND METHODS:Omeprazole was administered intraperiton...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Despite noteworthy advancements in the multidisciplinary treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) and deeper understanding in the molecular mechanisms of CRC, many of CRC patients with histologically identical tumors present different treatment response and prognosis. Thus, more evidence on novel predictive and...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.918906
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The early posttraumatic period is critical in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) because of the increased risk of secondary ischemic injuries to the injured brain. For these patients, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) monitoring is recommended. This, however, requires an invasive device to measure in...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Interferon alpha (IFN) is the most effective drug in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. This article presents the results of IFN therapy and 28-month follow-up. MATERIAL/METHODS:193 Caucasian children (130 boys and 63 girls) aged 1.5-17 years were treated with IFN for 20 weeks (3.0 MIU 3 times a week). T...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Genotypic analysis has been performed in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated before and after antibiotic therapy from patients for whom no eradication of the microbes could be achieved. MATERIAL/METHODS:The Helicobacter pylori strains were isolated from 10 patients with duodenal ulcer, who were treated by ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:It has been suggested that adherence to a Mediterranean diet reduces all causes of mortality, especially death rates due to coronary heart disease. In this review we summarize the findings of observational studies that evaluated the effect of the Mediterranean dietary pattern in the primary and secondary pre...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND At present, whether human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is debatable. The effect of active HCMV infection on glucose regulation has been poorly studied. Although HCMV infection is correlated with atherosclerosis in cardiovascular disease, the role of HCM...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.896071
更新日期：2015-12-30 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem worldwide, responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality from chronic liver disease. Conflicting findings on the possible association between HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity, indicating inactive HBsAg carrier status, and atheros...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Most of the methods of investigating lung diseases have been invasive until the discovery that exhaled nitric oxide can be used as a surrogate marker of airway inflammation, particularly in asthma. Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) is now established as a marker of airway inflammation. It has been shown to correlate well with...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Competing risk analysis determines the probability of survival and considers competing events. This retrospective study aimed to undertake a competing risk analysis of prognosis in patients with esophageal carcinoma between 2006-2015 using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) dat...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.918686
更新日期：2020-01-22 00:00:00
abstract：:The stress hormones plasma concentration after intravenous anesthetics (thiopentone, propofol, midazolam) administration in patients who underwent non-toxic struma operation was estimated. The goal of the study was to answer what stage of the general anesthesia and the surgery is the most dangerous for the cardiovascu...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Low back pain (LBP) is regarded as a frequent disease that causes disability. We aimed to explore the effect of naringin on intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) in IL-1ß-induced human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and its corresponding molecular mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research pub_type： 杂志文章 doi：10.12659/MSM.918597 更新日期：2019-12-25 00:00:00
abstract：:There are contradictory reports in current world literature regarding incidence of perforated peptic ulcers and male to female ratio in recent years. Old concepts of seasonal periodicity are being questioned. In our report we analyze what is changing with regard to demographical data of patients affected, incidence of...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Heavy metals tend to occur in increasingly many aspects of human activities. Studies of cadmium (Cd) have revealed that it is extremely toxic in its effects. It is known that selenium (Se) may suppress deleterious effects of Cd. We investigated the effects of dietary Cd-intoxication on the incorporation of precursors ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is neuroprotective when administered acutely for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the preventive effects of ANGPTL4 on the formation of brain edema and to determine whether it promotes the recovery of neurological function followi...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.907939
更新日期：2018-02-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is a common inheritable cardiac disorder that can lead to symptoms of dyspnea, angina pectoris, and syncope. Symptomatic patients are usually treated with negatively inotropic agents, such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or disopyramide. However, up to 10% of ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine whether genetic polymorphisms in the osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene contribute to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Electronic databases were searched carefully without any language restriction. Analyses of data were conducted usi...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.12659/msm.895434
更新日期：2016-04-12 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Fetal surgery, also referred to as in utero, prenatal or intrauterine surgery, consists of treatment of congenital malformations during fetal period. The idea of treating malformations diagnosed in the course of intrauterine life dates back to 1963, when Lilly performed first blood transfusion in the fetus. ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND A prospective clinical study was conducted to assess different regimens of steroid therapy and preservation of hearing following cochlear implantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study participants were ≥18 years-of-age, with a cochlear duct length ≥27.1 mm measured by computed tomography (CT), with hearing sound...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.906210
更新日期：2018-04-22 00:00:00
