Abstract:
:Human adults with normal vision are capable of improving performance on visual tasks through repeated practice. Previous work has shown that enhancing synaptic levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in healthy human adults with donepezil (trade name: Aricept) can increase the magnitude and specificity of perceptual learning (PL) for motion direction discrimination in the perifovea. In the current study, we ask whether increasing the synaptic levels of ACh in healthy human adults with donepezil boosts learning of low-contrast isolated letter identification and high-contrast flanked letter identification in normal peripheral vision. Two groups of observers performed sequential training over multiple days while ingesting donepezil. One group trained on isolated low-contrast letters in Phase 1 and crowded high-contrast letters in Phase 2, and the other group performed the reverse sequence, thereby enabling us to differentiate possible effects of drug and training order on PL of letter identification. All testing and training were performed monocularly in peripheral vision, at an eccentricity of 10 degrees along the lower vertical meridian. Our experimental design allowed us to evaluate the effects of sequential training and to ask whether increasing cholinergic signaling boosted learning and/or transfer of low-contrast isolated letter identification and high-contrast flanked letter identification in normal peripheral vision. We found that both groups improved on each of the two tasks. However, our results revealed an effect of training task order on flanked letter identification: Observers who trained on isolated targets first showed rapid early improvement in flanked letter identification but little to no additional improvement after 30 training blocks, while observers who first trained with flanked letters improved gradually on flanked letter identification over the entire 100-block course of training. In addition, we found no effect of donepezil on PL of either isolated or flanked letter identification. In other words, donepezil neither boosted nor blocked learning to identify isolated low-contrast letters or learning to uncrowd in normal peripheral vision.
journal_name
J Visjournal_title
Journal of visionauthors
Levi DM,Li RW,Silver MA,Chung STLdoi
10.1167/jov.20.4.24subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-04-09 00:00:00pages
24issue
4issn
1534-7362pii
2765520journal_volume
20pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Blur is an important attribute of human spatial vision, and sensitivity to blur has been the subject of considerable experimental research and theoretical modeling. Often, these models have invoked specialized concepts or mechanisms, such as intrinsic blur, multiple spatial frequency channels, or blur estimation units...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1167/11.5.10
更新日期:2011-09-19 00:00:00
abstract::Relatively little is known about the processes, both linear and nonlinear, by which signals are combined beyond V1. By presenting two stimulus components simultaneously, flickering at different temporal frequencies (frequency tagging) while measuring steady-state visual evoked potentials, we can assess responses to th...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/17.5.10
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper explores the nature of the representations used for computing mean visual size of an array of visual objects of different sizes. In Experiment 1 we found that mean size judgments are accurately made even when the individual objects (circles) upon which those judgments were based were distributed between the...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/9.9.7
更新日期:2009-08-19 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies suggest that the active observer combines optic flow information with extra-retinal signals resulting from head motion. Such a combination allows, in principle, a correct discrimination of the presence or absence of surface rotation. In Experiments 1 and 2, observers were asked to perform such discrimin...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/10.5.12
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The fovea is the retinal location responsible for our most acute vision. There are several methods used to localize the fovea, but the fovea is not always easily identifiable. Landmarks used to determine the foveal location are variable in normal subjects and localization becomes even more difficult in instances of re...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1167/9.3.21
更新日期:2009-03-25 00:00:00
abstract::We have developed a low-cost, practical gaze-contingent display in which natural images are presented to the observer with dioptric blur and stereoscopic disparity that are dependent on the three-dimensional structure of natural scenes. Our system simulates a distribution of retinal blur and depth similar to that expe...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/14.8.13
更新日期:2014-07-17 00:00:00
abstract::Signal detection theory (SDT) asserts that sensory analysis is limited only by noise, and not by the number of stimuli analysed. To test this claim, we measured the accuracy of visual search for a single tilted element (the target) among 7 horizontal elements (distractors) using several different exposure durations, e...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/1.1.2
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Various equations that describe how observers could recover the trajectory of an approaching object have been put forward. Many are relatively complex formulations that recover the veridical trajectory by scaling retinal cues, such as looming and changing disparity. However, these equations do not seem to describe hum...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/12.3.9
更新日期:2012-03-08 00:00:00
abstract::Archerfish are known for their remarkable behavior of shooting water jets at prey hanging on vegetation above water. Motivated by the fish's capacity to knock down small prey as high as two meters above water level, we studied the role of the retina in facilitating their excellent visual acuity. First, we show behavio...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/12.12.18
更新日期:2012-11-28 00:00:00
abstract::Psychophysical experiments have demonstrated that it is possible to simultaneously perceive binocular depth and rivalry in plaids (A. Buckthought & H. R. Wilson, 2007). Here, we used fMRI at 3T to image activity in the visual cortex while human subjects perceived depth and rivalry from plaids. Six subjects performed e...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/11.6.3
更新日期:2011-05-05 00:00:00
abstract::There has been considerable controversy regarding whether children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing children (TD) show different eye movement patterns when processing faces. We investigated ASD and age- and IQ-matched TD children's scanning of faces using a novel multi-method approach. We f...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/13.10.5
更新日期:2013-08-08 00:00:00
abstract::We used fMRI to examine the neural correlates of subjective reversals for bistable structure-from-motion. We compared transparent random-dot kinematograms depicting either a cylinder rotating in depth or two flat surfaces translating in opposite directions at apparently different depths. For both such stimuli, the mot...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/12.6.35
更新日期:2012-06-29 00:00:00
abstract::The image information guiding visual behavior is acquired and maintained in an interplay of gaze shifts and visual short-term memory (VSTM). If storage capacity of VSTM is exhausted, gaze shifts can be used to regain information not currently represented in memory. By varying the separation between relevant image regi...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/8.1.7
更新日期:2008-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::To reach for an object, one needs to know its egocentric distance (absolute depth). It remains an unresolved issue which signals are required by the brain to calculate this absolute depth information. We devised a geometric model of binocular 3D eye orientation and investigated the signals necessary to uniquely determ...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/8.16.3
更新日期:2008-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::Early visual processing analyses fine and coarse image features separately. Here we show that motion signals derived from fine and coarse analyses are combined in rather a surprising way: Coarse and fine motion sensors representing the same direction of motion inhibit one another and an imbalance can reverse the motio...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/7.12.8
更新日期:2007-09-20 00:00:00
abstract::S.-W. Wu, M. F. Dal Martello, and L. T. Maloney (2009) evaluated subjects' performance in a visuo-motor task where subjects were asked to hit two targets in sequence within a fixed time limit. Hitting targets earned rewards and Wu et al. varied rewards associated with targets. They found that subjects failed to maximi...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/10.6.1
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::To cope with the continuously incoming stream of input, the visual system has to group information across space and time. Usually, spatial and temporal grouping are investigated separately. However, recent findings revealed that these two grouping mechanisms strongly interact and should therefore be studied together r...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/10.8.5
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Features of moving objects are non-retinotopically integrated along their motion trajectories as demonstrated by a variety of recent studies. The mechanisms of non-retinotopic feature integration are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of attention in non-retinotopic feature integration by using the sequen...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/10.12.8
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studying human behavior in the natural context of everyday visual tasks--including locomotor tasks such as driving--can reveal visual strategies or even suggest underlying visual mechanisms. This paper reviews empirical and theoretical work in the past 20 years (1994-2014) on the visual control of steering a vehicle a...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1167/14.12.21
更新日期:2014-10-21 00:00:00
abstract::Macular degeneration and related visual disorders greatly limit foveal function, resulting in reliance on the peripheral retina for tasks requiring fine spatial vision. Here we investigate stimulus manipulations intended to maximize peripheral acuity for dynamic targets. Acuity was measured using a single interval ori...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/19.13.12
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adaptation to a blurred image causes a physically focused image to appear too sharp, and shifts the point of subjective focus toward the adapting blur, consistent with a renormalization of perceived focus. We examined whether and how this adaptation normalizes to differences in blur between the two eyes, which can rou...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/13.6.19
更新日期:2013-05-31 00:00:00
abstract::The magnitude and precision of stereoscopic depth between two probes is often determined by the disparity each has to a common background. If stereoscopic slant of the background is underestimated, a bias is introduced in the PSE of the probes (G. Mitchison & G. Westheimer, 1984). Using random dot stimuli, we show her...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/11.6.5
更新日期:2011-05-10 00:00:00
abstract::We examined whether motion blur accompanying apparent motion (AM) affects the shape of a stimulus presented in the motion path. In a two-alternative forced-choice procedure, observers judged the shape of a Gaussian test stimulus flashed in the path of motion, relative to a reference stimulus, which was a circular Gaus...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/10.13.15
更新日期:2010-11-24 00:00:00
abstract::Adaptation to first-order (luminance defined) motion produces not only a motion aftereffect but also a position aftereffect, in which a target pattern's perceived location is shifted opposite the direction of adaptation. These aftereffects can occur passively (when the direction of motion adaptation cannot be detected...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/7.2.15
更新日期:2007-07-20 00:00:00
abstract::The relationship between attention and awareness and the processing of visual information outside of attention and awareness remain controversial issues. We employed the motion aftereffect (MAE) illusion and continuous flash suppression (CFS) to study the behavioral effects of unseen and unattended visual motion. The ...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/11.13.10
更新日期:2011-11-09 00:00:00
abstract::Recent laboratory studies have found large, stable individual differences in the location people first fixate when identifying faces, ranging from the brows to the mouth. Importantly, this variation is strongly associated with differences in fixation-specific identification performance such that individuals' recogniti...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/16.7.12
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In early retinotopic areas of the human visual system, information from the left and right visual hemifields (VHFs) is processed contralaterally in two hemispheres. Despite this segregation, we have the perceptual experience of a unified, coherent, and uninterrupted single visual field. How exactly the visual system i...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/14.12.30
更新日期:2014-10-27 00:00:00
abstract::In human (D. H. Baker, T. S. Meese, & R. J. Summers, 2007b) and in cat (B. Li, M. R. Peterson, J. K. Thompson, T. Duong, & R. D. Freeman, 2005; F. Sengpiel & V. Vorobyov, 2005) there are at least two routes to cross-orientation suppression (XOS): a broadband, non-adaptable, monocular (within-eye) pathway and a more na...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/9.5.2
更新日期:2009-05-04 00:00:00
abstract::When searching for two targets consecutively in the same display, participants use memory of recently fixated distractors that become the target in the second search to find that target more quickly. Here we ask whether participants are also using memory for fixated distractors that do not become the target. In Experi...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/15.5.12
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In complex scenes, the light absorbed and re-emitted by one surface can serve as a source of illumination for a second. We examine whether observers systematically discount this secondary illumination when estimating surface color. We asked six naïve observers to make achromatic settings of a small test patch adjacent...
journal_title:Journal of vision
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1167/4.2.3
更新日期:2004-02-27 00:00:00