Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Comparing the distribution of all cause or cause-specific child mortality in countries by income and its progress over time has not been rigorously monitored, and hence remains unknown. We therefore aimed to analyze child mortality disparities between countries with respect to income level and progression for the period 2000-2015, and further explored the convergence of unequal income levels across the globe. METHODS:Four types of measures were used to assess the degree of inequality across countries: difference and ratio of child mortality rate, the concentration index, and the Erreygers index. To assess the longitudinal trend of unequal child mortality rate by wealth ranking, hierarchical mixed effect analysis was used to examine any significant changes in the slope of under-5 child mortality rate by GDP per capita between 2000 and 2015. RESULTS:All four measures reveal significant inequalities across the countries by income level. Compared with children in the least deprived socioeconomic quintile, the mortality rate for children in the most deprived socioeconomic quintile was nearly 20.7 times higher (95% Confidence Interval: 20.5-20.8) in 2000, and 12.2 times (95% CI: 12.1-12.3) higher in 2015. Globally, the relative and absolute inequality of child mortality between the first and fifth quintiles have declined over time in all diseases, but was more pronounced for infectious diseases (pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, and meningitis). In 2000, post-neonatal children in the first quintile had 105.3 times (95% CI: 100.8-110.0) and 216.3 times (95% CI: 202.5-231.2) higher risks of pneumonia- and diarrhea-specific child mortality than children in the fifth quintile. In 2015, the corresponding rate ratios had decreased to 59.3 (95% CI: 56.5-62.1) and 101.9 (95% CI: 94.3-110.0) times. However, compared with non-communicable disease, infectious diseases still show a far more severe disparity between income quintile. Mixed effect analysis demonstrates the convergence of under-5 mortality in 194 countries across income levels. CONCLUSION:Grand convergence in child mortality, particularly in post neonatal children, suggests that the global community has witnessed success to some extent in controlling infectious diseases. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assess worldwide inequalities in cause-specific child mortality and its time trend by wealth.
journal_name
Int J Equity Healthjournal_title
International journal for equity in healthauthors
Cha S,Jin Ydoi
10.1186/s12939-019-1102-3subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-12-31 00:00:00pages
1issue
1issn
1475-9276pii
10.1186/s12939-019-1102-3journal_volume
19pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:The theory of fundamental causes explains why health disparities persist over time, even as risk factors, mechanisms, and diseases change. Using an intersectional framework, we evaluated multifactorial discrimination as a fundamental cause of mental health disparities. METHODS:Using baseline data from the P...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0532-z
更新日期:2017-03-04 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The strategy of health policy has been changed for improving the performances to meeting the increasing healthcare demands. However, limited evidences were found to prove that the bundled payment was valid for service delivering in public sector. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a bun...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0334-8
更新日期:2016-03-10 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Everyone has the right to achieve the standard of health and well-being. Migrants are considered as vulnerable populations due to the lack of access to health services and financial protection in health. Several interventions have been developed to improve migrant population health, but little is known about...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-019-0970-x
更新日期:2019-05-06 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Recently, cases of medical disputes and even acts of violence toward physicians by patients in China have been escalating. It remains unknown whether competition improves the patient-physician relationship. METHODS:This paper analyzes the relationship between hospital competition and the probability of medi...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0701-0
更新日期:2017-11-28 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Studies from various countries have observed worse population health in geographical areas with more income inequality. The psychosocial interpretation of this association is that large income disparities are harmful to health because they generate relative deprivation and undermine social cohesion. An alter...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-9276-10-7
更新日期:2011-02-03 00:00:00
abstract:: This review investigates the health of immigrants to Canada by critically examining differences in health status between immigrants and the native-born population and by tracing how the health of immigrants changes after settling in the country. Fifty-one published empirical studies met the inclusion criteria for thi...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-9276-9-27
更新日期:2010-11-24 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:'Caring for Country' is defined as Indigenous participation in interrelated activities with the objective of promoting ecological and human health. Ecological services on Indigenous-owned lands are belatedly attracting some institutional investment. However, the health outcomes associated with Indigenous par...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-9276-7-26
更新日期:2008-12-18 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Older adults are more prone to various diseases. Health insurance becomes effective mechanism to relieve financial burden when the insured is sick. In China, most older adults live in the countryside, and New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme is a kind of health insurance system in rural areas. The relationsh...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01379-5
更新日期:2021-01-25 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion coincided with a preponderance of research, worldwide, on the social determinants of health and health inequities. Despite the establishment of a 'health inequities knowledge base', the precise roles for municipal governments in reducing health inequities at the l...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-9276-9-13
更新日期:2010-05-25 00:00:00
abstract::In the debate on 'Third options' for health care delivery in low- and middle-income countries it is proposed that self-help should play a larger role. Self-help is expected to contribute towards improving population health outcomes and reducing government health care expenditure. We review scope and limitations of sel...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1186/1475-9276-3-1
更新日期:2004-04-15 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Despite free healthcare to pregnant women and children under the age of six, access to healthcare has failed to secure better child health outcomes amongst all children of the country. There is growing evidence of socioeconomic gradient on child health outcomes METHODS:The objectives of this study were to m...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-9276-10-13
更新日期:2011-04-04 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Around the world the life expectancy at birth has risen steadily over time. However, this increase in life years is not equally distributed among different social segments of the population. Studies have demonstrated that social groups living in deprived areas have a shorter life expectancy at birth in compa...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-9276-10-36
更新日期:2011-08-26 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Like most Central European countries Slovakia has experienced a period of socioeconomic changes and at the same time a decline in the mortality rate. Therefore, the aim is to study socioeconomic factors that changed over time and simultaneously contributed to regional differences in mortality. METHODS:The a...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0404-y
更新日期:2016-07-19 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women experience higher rates of obesity, chronic disease, and are less active than non-Indigenous Australian women. Lifestyle programs designed to increase physical activity and encourage healthy eating are needed to ameliorate this disparity. The aim of this study was ...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-9276-12-11
更新日期:2013-01-24 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Current evidence highlights that language discordant clinical encounters seriously compromise patient quality of care and health outcomes. We aimed to characterise patterns of interpreter service use in medical inpatient wards use and explore clinician experience of language discordance. METHODS:Participant...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0865-2
更新日期:2018-09-24 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Following the introduction of user fees in Cambodia, Health Equity Funds (HEF) were developed to enable poor people access to public health services by paying public health providers on their behalf, including non-medical costs for hospitalised beneficiaries (HEFB). The national scheme covers 3.1 million pre...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0803-3
更新日期:2018-06-25 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The prevalence of Community Treatment Orders (CTOs) in the Western world has generated considerable discussion regarding best practices in the outpatient treatment of the seriously mentally ill. Although problems encountered by ethnic minority communities in the various health care systems have been studie...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-014-0069-3
更新日期:2014-09-06 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:We aimed to determine the extent to which three core variables (school environment, peer group and family affluence) were associated with unhealthy behaviours and health outcomes among Tuscan adolescents. The unhealthy behaviours considered were smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle and irregular...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-014-0083-5
更新日期:2014-09-25 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Health care financing reforms in both China and Vietnam have resulted in greater financial difficulties in accessing health care, especially for the rural poor. Both countries have been developing rural health insurance for decades. This study aims to evaluate and compare equity in access to health care in...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-9276-11-10
更新日期:2012-02-29 00:00:00
abstract::The purposes of this bibliography are to present an overview of the published literature on equity in health and to summarize key articles relevant to the mission of the International Society for Equity in Health (ISEqH). The intent is to show the directions being taken in health equity research including theories, me...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/1475-9276-1-1
更新日期:2002-04-22 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:While psychosocial theory claims that socioeconomic status (SES), acting through social comparisons, has an important influence on susceptibility to disease, materialistic theory says that socioeconomic position (SEP) and related access to material resources matter more. However, the relative role of SEP ver...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0566-2
更新日期:2017-05-04 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Effective implementation can maximise the beneficial impacts of health services. It is therefore important to review implementation in the context of Indigenous populations, who suffer some of the greatest disadvantage within developed countries. This paper analyses Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (her...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0337-5
更新日期:2016-03-10 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Underserved and low-income population are placed at a disadvantage for receiving necessary cancer screenings. This study aims to measure the rates of receiving three types of cancer screening services, Pap test, mammogram and colorectal cancer screening, among patients seen at U.S. health centers (HCs) to in...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-020-1153-5
更新日期:2020-03-27 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The prevailing inequities in healthcare have been well addressed in previous research, especially screening program participation, but less attention has been paid to how to overcome these inequities. This paper explores a key factor of a successful improvement project: collaboration with local doulas to r...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-014-0062-x
更新日期:2014-08-09 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Health sector priority setting in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) entails balancing between a high demand and low supply of scarce resources. Human Resources for Health (HRH) consume the largest allocation of health sector resources in LMICs. Health sector decentralization continues to be promoted fo...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-020-01284-3
更新日期:2020-09-21 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The purpose of this article is to describe an interventional project in a University Hospital. It explains the adjustments that were made to provide good care for patients with intellectual and developmental disabilities in an acute care setting in Western Switzerland. It is not the exposition of the results...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-019-0948-8
更新日期:2019-03-18 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Many countries from the European region, which moved from a government financed and provided health system to social health insurance, would have had the risk of moving away from universal health coverage if they had followed a "traditional" approach. The Eastern European high-income countries studied in t...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0295-y
更新日期:2016-01-15 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Despite the relentless efforts to reduce infant and child mortality with the introduction of the National Expanded Programmes on Immunization (EPI) in 1974, major disparities still exist in immunizations coverage across different population sub-groups. In Kenya, for instance, while the proportion of fully ...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-015-0154-2
更新日期:2015-02-27 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Mexico has undertaken important efforts to decrease maternal mortality. Health authorities have introduced intercultural innovations to address barriersfaced by indigenous women accessing professional maternal and delivery services. This study examines, from the perspective of indigenous women, the barriers ...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-015-0289-1
更新日期:2015-12-23 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The Brazilian Government created Participatory Health Councils (PHCs) to allow citizen participation in the public health policy process. PHCs are advisory bodies that operate at all levels of government and that bring together different societal groups to monitor Brazil's health system. Today they are pre...
journal_title:International journal for equity in health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s12939-015-0151-5
更新日期:2015-02-19 00:00:00