Abstract:
:The identification of counties burdened by exceptionally high rates of mortality is a fundamental step in the development of state-based intervention and prevention strategies. However, the estimation of rates from small geographic areas presents special problems, especially for rare events. This paper compares the use of crude and age-standardized rates to the use of Poisson regression models and empirical Bayes models for analysing county-level mortality rates. The results demonstrate both practical and heuristic advantages of the empirical Bayes models. Age-standardized rates adjust for differences in age structure among countries but are vulnerable to extreme variability in county age-specific rates. In our example--an analysis of diabetes mortality rates--Poisson regression did not improve the variability of estimated county-level rates. Adjusted empirical Bayes estimates dramatically shrink the observed rates while preserving some separation of the counties with extreme rates. Also, empirical Bayes estimates of rates for countries with no observed deaths are shrunk close to the prior mean.
journal_name
Stat Medjournal_title
Statistics in medicineauthors
Stevenson JM,Olson DRdoi
10.1002/sim.4780120320subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1993-02-01 00:00:00pages
393-401issue
3-4eissn
0277-6715issn
1097-0258journal_volume
12pub_type
杂志文章abstract::We examine different methods to pool binary outcomes used both in parallel and cross-over trials. Odds ratio (OR) estimators obtained from joint conditional probabilities in cross-over trials, such as the Mantel-Haenszel and Peto methods, are compared to an OR estimator using marginal results of cross-over trials. Whe...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.1206
更新日期:2002-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::In the presence of confounding, the consistency assumption required for identification of causal effects may be violated due to misclassification of the outcome variable. We introduce an inverse probability weighted approach to rebalance covariates across treatment groups while mitigating the influence of differential...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.7522
更新日期:2018-02-10 00:00:00
abstract::When the event time of interest depends on the censoring time, conventional two-sample test methods, such as the log-rank and Wilcoxon tests, can produce an invalid test result. We extend our previous work on estimation using auxiliary variables to adjust for dependent censoring via multiple imputation, to the compari...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.3480
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::To update the British growth reference, anthropometric data for weight, height, body mass index (weight/height2) and head circumference from 17 distinct surveys representative of England, Scotland and Wales (37,700 children, age range 23 weeks gestation to 23 years) were analysed by maximum penalized likelihood using ...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::We investigated interobserver variation between three physician readers in the independent classification of chest radiographs from 1771 taconite workers for pneumoconiosis. We analysed variation with a general methodology for the analysis of categorical data, and quantified interobserver agreement in terms of kappa-t...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4780030109
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Increasing numbers of economic evaluations are conducted alongside randomised controlled trials. Such studies include factorial trials, which randomise patients to different levels of two or more factors and can therefore evaluate the effect of multiple treatments alone and in combination. Factorial trials can provide...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.7322
更新日期:2017-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::Parameters for latent transition analysis (LTA) are easily estimated by maximum likelihood (ML) or Bayesian method via Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). However, unusual features in the likelihood can cause difficulties in ML and Bayesian inference and estimation, especially with small samples. In this study we explore...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.3130
更新日期:2008-05-20 00:00:00
abstract::The Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors are used as standard guidelines for the clinical evaluation of cancer treatments. The assessment is based on the anatomical tumor burden: change in size of target lesions and evolution of nontarget lesions (NTL). Despite unquestionable advantages of this standard tool, ...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.7640
更新日期:2018-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::Relative potency is a measure that has been used for many years to summarize the comparison of dose-response curves in parallel line bioassays. When response curves for two preparations are not parallel the traditional definition of relative potency no longer applies. We review the concept of relative potency and show...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19970530)16:10<1151::aid-s
更新日期:1997-05-30 00:00:00
abstract::In the analysis of composite endpoints in a clinical trial, time to first event analysis techniques such as the logrank test and Cox proportional hazard test do not take into account the multiplicity, importance, and the severity of events in the composite endpoint. Several generalized pairwise comparison analysis met...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.8388
更新日期:2019-12-30 00:00:00
abstract::This work is motivated by a longitudinal study of women and their ectopic pregnancy outcomes in Lund, Sweden. In this article, we review and apply the Liang-Zeger methodology to the Lund ectopic pregnancy data set. We further analyse the ectopic pregnancy data using conditional modelling approaches suggested by Rosner...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19971115)16:21<2403::aid-s
更新日期:1997-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Longitudinal studies are often concerned with estimating the recurrence rate of a non-fatal event. In many cases, only the total number of events occurring during successive time intervals is known. We compared a mixed Poisson-gamma regression method proposed by Thall and a quasi-likelihood method proposed by Zeger an...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1002/sim.4780121406
更新日期:1993-07-30 00:00:00
abstract::Frailty models are encountered in many medical applications, yet little research has been devoted to develop measures that quantify the predictive ability of these models. In this paper, we elaborate on the concept of the concordance probability to clustered data, resulting in an 'Overall Conditional C-index' or bfC(O...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4058
更新日期:2010-12-30 00:00:00
abstract::Typical analyses of lifetime data treat the time to death or failure as the response variable and use a variety of modelling strategies such as proportional hazards or fully parametric, to investigate the relationship between the response and covariates. In certain circumstances it may be more natural to view the dist...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.822
更新日期:2001-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::This paper presents a statistically optimal exact hypothesis testing procedure for detecting changes in sales adjusted adverse drug reaction (ADR) rates between historical and current periods, with a computer program that implements this test appended. We provide discussions and illustrations on how to monitor ADR rat...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4780071004
更新日期:1988-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::We consider the design of both cohort and case-control studies in which an initial ('stage 1') sample of complete data on an error-free disease indicator (D), a correct ('gold standard') dichotomous exposure measurement (X) and an error-prone exposure measurement (Z) are available. We calculate the amount of additiona...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4780142307
更新日期:1995-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::Omitted variable bias is discussed in the context of linear models. It is shown that the effect of omitted variables can be controlled in linear models for metric dependent variables by using data from follow-up studies. Two different models for analysing such data are proposed. In the first model the omitted variable...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4780110906
更新日期:1992-06-30 00:00:00
abstract::The two-period cross-over design with two sequences of drug administration is a standard experimental design when bioequivalence of one test formulation is to be assessed in comparison with a reference formulation. Previously, an approach based on Fieller's confidence interval has been presented for the assessment of ...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19971015)16:19<2229::aid-s
更新日期:1997-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::Log-linear models for capture-recapture type data are widely used for estimating sizes of populations. Log-linear methods model conditional interactions between the sources. Often, however, the marginal associations are more appropriate and easier for the practitioner to conceptualize. Analyses here of previously publ...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19980115)17:1<69::aid-sim7
更新日期:1998-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Composite endpoints are frequently used in clinical trials, but simple approaches, such as the time to first event, do not reflect any ordering among the endpoints. However, some endpoints, such as mortality, are worse than others. A variety of procedures have been proposed to reflect the severity of the individual en...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.8431
更新日期:2020-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::The correct identification of change-points during ongoing outbreak investigations of infectious diseases is a matter of paramount importance in epidemiology, with major implications for the management of health care resources, public health and, as the COVID-19 pandemic has shown, social live. Onsets, peaks, and infl...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.8807
更新日期:2021-02-20 00:00:00
abstract::In this paper, we investigate the impact of time-invariant covariates when fitting transition mixed models. This is carried out by emphasizing on the role of baseline responses on the estimation process. Transition models are allowed for two cases of exogenous and endogenous baseline responses. We illustrate these con...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.6270
更新日期:2014-11-30 00:00:00
abstract::We examine Goodman and Kruskal's lambda using Efron's approach to regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for zero-one outcome data. For a binary response cross-classified by a single nominal predictor, we present a computationally simple ANOVA table in which lambda is analogous to Pearson's R-square. We character...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4780080511
更新日期:1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In many chronic diseases, therapy aims to prevent or reduce the frequency of episodes of a disease manifestation, for example cardiac ischaemic episodes or epileptic seizures. Entry criteria for clinical trials typically include a minimum number of episodes within a baseline period, and regression to the mean should b...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4780130806
更新日期:1994-04-30 00:00:00
abstract::This paper investigates the Bayesian procedures for comparing proportions. These procedures are especially suitable for accepting (or rejecting) the equivalence of two population proportions. Furthermore the Bayesian predictive probabilities provide a natural and flexible tool in monitoring trials, especially for choo...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4780140924
更新日期:1995-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::The first randomized clinical trial at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), planned in 1954, commenced in 1955 for the treatment of patients with acute leukaemia. The programme in clinical trials at NCI had strong influence from the clinician and administrator, C. Gordon Zubrod, who introduced the randomized clinical ...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,历史文章,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1002/sim.4780090803
更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The principles and historical development of clinical trials are outlined briefly. Some issues that extend the basic philosophy first put forward by Sir Austin Bradford Hill 40 years ago and that will need consideration in the future application of clinical trials are discussed. ...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4780010414
更新日期:1982-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::We suggest measures to quantify the degrees of necessity and of sufficiency of prognostic factors for dichotomous and for survival outcomes. A cause, represented by certain values of prognostic factors, is considered necessary for an event if, without the cause, the event cannot develop. It is considered sufficient fo...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.8331
更新日期:2019-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::To benefit Alzheimer's disease research, a central data co-ordinating centre (CDCC) is planned that will systematically collect data from 27 Alzheimer's disease centres (ADCs) located nationwide. This CDCC will combine, analyse and disseminate epidemiologic, demographic, clinical and neuropathological data to research...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(20000615/30)19:11/12<1453:
更新日期:2000-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::The cost and efficiency of training clinical centre staff and of duplicate data entry in clinical trials is reviewed. Training is an essential component of quality assurance programmes and it is usually carried out at regular intervals in long-term clinical trials. Initial training of staff and regular retraining is i...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/sim.4780090118
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00