Abstract：
:The need of blood flow to different organs varies rapidly over time which is why there is sophisticated local regulation of blood flow. The term dysregulation simply means that blood flow is not properly adapted to this need. Dysregulative mechanisms can lead to an over- or underperfusion. A steady overperfusion may be less critical for long-term damage. A constant underperfusion, however, can lead to some tissue atrophy or in extreme situations to infarction. Unstable perfusion (underperfusion followed by reperfusion) leads to oxidative stress. There are a number of causes that lead to local or systemic vascular dysregulation. Systemic dysregulation can be primary or secondary of nature. A secondary dysregulation is due to other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, giant cell arteritis, systemic lupus erythematodes, multiple sclerosis, colitis ulcerosa, or Crohns disease. Patients with a secondary vascular dysregulation normally have a high level of circulating endothelin-1 (ET-1). This increased level of ET-1 leads to a reduction of blood flow both in the choroid and the optic nerve head but has little influence on autoregulation. In contrast, primary vascular dysregulation has little influence on baseline ocular blood flow but interferes with autoregulation. This, in turn, leads to unstable oxygen supply, which seems to be a relevant component in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
journal_name
Surv Ophthalmoljournal_title
Survey of ophthalmologyauthors
Grieshaber MC,Mozaffarieh M,Flammer Jdoi
10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.08.010subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-11-01 00:00:00pages
S144-54eissn
0039-6257issn
1879-3304pii
S0039-6257(07)00187-7journal_volume
52 Suppl 2pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of sympathetic ophthalmia are helping to remove the pigmented cloud which has obstructed the view of researchers on this disease for many years. Clinical features, diagnostic testing, histopathologic variations and principles of treatment are evaluated in the context o...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(79)90018-3
更新日期：1979-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Retinoblastoma usually presents in children younger than 5 years. To our knowledge, 20 cases of retinoblastoma in adults (older than 20 years) have been reported in the literature. Of 173 patients with histopathologically proven retinoblastoma seen in our institute, three were adults. All the patients had endophytic t...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(99)00132-0
更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Conjunctivochalasis, defined as a redundant conjunctiva typically located between the globe and the lower eyelid, is not uncommon. However, it is often overlooked, as it may be considered a normal senile change. Conjunctivochalasis can cause a spectrum of symptoms, ranging from aggravation of a dry eye at the mild sta...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(98)00037-x
更新日期：1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The development of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging techniques provides the physician with a non-invasive means of obtaining anatomic, physiologic and biochemical information about neuro-ophthalmic disorders. The authors summarize the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and present a case report illustr...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(84)90116-4
更新日期：1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An 81-year-old-woman developed a right facial palsy and orbital cellulitis following an apparently innocuous puncture injury of the right lower eyelid. Generalized tetanus ensued which proved fatal despite aggressive treatment including use of tetanus immune globulin, wound debridement, and neuromuscular blockade with...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(87)90118-4
更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The introduction of the concept of blood-ocular barriers in the ophthalmic literature is briefly reviewed. Two main blood-ocular barriers are proposed: the blood-aqueous barrier and the blood-retinal barrier. The blood-aqueous barrier is formed by an epithelial barrier located in the nonpigmented layer of the ciliary ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(79)90158-9
更新日期：1979-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thymoxamine is an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent which works by competitive antagonism of norepinephrine. It is the only alpha-adrenergic blocker available which has tolerable side effects when used as an ophthalmic solution. When used as a 0.5% solution it consistently produces miosis without affecting the intraocul...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(80)90150-2
更新日期：1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a naturally occurring mitogen which, in its recombinant form, is under intensive investigation for therapeutic use. Receptor activation by EGF induces up-regulation of synthesis of specific proteins as well as proliferation and differentiation of the corneal epithelium, keratocytes, an...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(90)90127-h
更新日期：1990-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Statue of Freedom, which sits on top of the Capitol Dome in Washington, DC, was created by Thomas Crawford. At the peak of his career in 1856, while busy completing multiple commissions for the new Capitol extensions, he developed diplopia and consulted the leading oculists of the time in Paris, Drs. Desmarres and...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.11.003
更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Early diagnosis of glaucoma is critical to prevent permanent structural damage and irreversible vision loss. Detection of glaucoma typically relies on examination of structural damage to the optic nerve combined with measurements of visual function. To aid the clinician in evaluation of visual function and structure, ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.08.003
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cornea's intense innervation is responsible for corneal trophism and ocular surface hemostasis maintenance. Corneal diabetic neuropathy affects subbasal nerve plexus, with progressive alteration of nerves' morphology and density. The quantitative analysis of nerve fibers can be performed with in vivo corneal confo...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.09.003
更新日期：2020-09-19 00:00:00
abstract：:Disorders of the orbit can secondarily involve the eye. Although nonspecific, changes which can be noted on funduscopic examination including abnormalities of the retina, choroid, and optic nerve, can be secondary to an underlying orbital process. Awareness of these findings and their association with orbital disease ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(95)80043-3
更新日期：1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Through the efforts of Dr. Townley Paton, eye banks were founded in New York in the early 1940s. Since that time there has been steady growth in both the supply of and demand for donor material. A number of factors have contributed to the success of eye banks in the U.S.A., including improvements in eye banking techni...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(82)90151-5
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A macular hole is a full-thickness defect of retinal tissue involving the anatomic fovea, thereby affecting central visual acuity. Macular holes have been associated with myriad ocular conditions and originally were described in the setting of trauma. The pathogenesis of idiopathic, age-related macular holes remains u...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(97)00132-x
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 47-year-old man presented with sudden visual loss, optic disk edema, retinal ischemia, and limited upgaze in the left eye. Initial MRI revealed thickened, enhancing left optic nerve. Extensive work-up for an inflammatory and infiltrative etiology was positive only for Borrelia burgdorferi IgM by Western blot. Six we...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.12.003
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Angle-closure glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Diagnosis and treatment are intricately related to angle assessment techniques. This article reviews the literature on angle assessment and provides recommendations about optimal techniques based on the published evidence. Specifically, we review gon...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.10.012
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There are numerous unresolved issues and controversies regarding the management of open-globe injuries involving the posterior segment. These areas include, but are not limited to, the following issues. Although vitrectomy has been shown to improve visual outcomes and allow retention of the eye in many cases, the exte...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(99)00104-6
更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Electrophysiological research on acquired retinal disorders, both common and rare, is reviewed. Age is a major factor influencing electroretinogram (ERG) and electro-oculogram (EOG) findings. Bipolar or Müller cell death in the aging retina could account for much of the amplitude decline that is observed with age. In ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(00)00125-9
更新日期：2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Seventy percent of the blood flow to the eye goes to the choroid, a structure that is vitally important to the function of the retina. The in vivo structure of the choroid in health and disease is incompletely visualized with traditional imaging modalities, including indocyanine green angiography, ultrasonography, and...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.12.001
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In treating periocular basal cell carcinoma the goal is to achieve the most complete eradication of affected tissue while preserving as much healthy tissue as possible. In the first of these "Viewpoints" articles, Drs. Leshin and Yeatts discuss the success of Mohs' microsurgical technique (MMS) in both regards. Moreov...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(93)90101-c
更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The growth of the eye results in a myopic shift in aphakic and pseudophakic eyes during childhood. Cataract surgery after the age of 6 months, with or without lens implantation, appears to have little effect on the rate of refractive growth. Most children with pseudophakia have a large amount of myopic shift. This myo...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.07.001
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:New methods of corneal preservation for penetrating keratoplasty have recently been developed to meet the increasing demand for donor corneal tissue. Techniques utilized in the laboratory to evaluate the viability of the corneal endothelium and the clinical results obtained with each method are discussed. All of the n...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(77)90112-6
更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Medication errors are a frequent cause of medical malpractice claims. Because serious injury often results, medication errors can be costly to defend, indemnify or settle. A review of five closed claims involving glucocorticoids, corticosteroids, antibiotics and silver nitrate offers insight into how ophthalmologists ...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(95)80031-x
更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although airbags measurably reduce the overall risk of injury to adults (including eye injury), and death from motor vehicle accidents, injuries attributed to airbag deployment have been reported. To identify reported cases of ocular trauma related to airbag deployment, a MEDLINE search from 1991 to 2000 was performed...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(01)00256-9
更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The clinical and pathologic features of 13 patients with biopsy-proven reticulum cell sarcoma of the orbit are reviewed. All of the patients were adults, in contrast to many previous reports that have emphasized how common this tumor is in children. Eight patients presented with proptosis and without prior diagnosis o...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(78)90072-3
更新日期：1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There are few records detailing the techniques and tribulations of early American surgeons who dared venture into the treacherous recess of the human orbit. The authors present a recently discovered letter written by a young woman who in 1841 underwent an orbital operation performed by the prominent New York City surg...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0039-6257(88)90163-4
更新日期：1988-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Drugs across many pharmacologic classes induce corneal epithelial changes. Many of these drugs have cationic amphiphilic structures, with a hydrophobic ring and hydrophilic cationic amine side chain that allow them to cross cell membranes. These drugs lead to intracellular phospholipid accumulation, often manifested i...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.11.008
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Orbital inflammation is a response of the immune system and not a diagnosis in itself. Exposing the underlying disease introduces a labyrynthine challenge owing to the broad array of possible causes ranging from infectious, structural, autoimmune, idiopathic to neoplastic origin. In this regard, and despite its unkown...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.03.002
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Scleritis is typically a severe painful inflammatory process centered in the sclera that may involve the cornea, adjacent episclera, and underlying uvea; it poses a significant threat to vision. Careful clinical history taking, detailed ocular examination, appropriate investigation for ocular disease with or without u...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.04.001
更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glutamatergic excitotoxicity has been implicated as a mechanism for injury in a variety of central nervous system pathologies, including glaucoma. Memantine, an NMDA-type glutamatergic open-channel blocker, has pharmacologic properties that make its efficacy greater under excitotoxic conditions, but lesser under norma...
journal_title：Survey of ophthalmology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0039-6257(01)00200-4
更新日期：2001-05-01 00:00:00
