Abstract：
:Mental preparation has long been thought of as an important aspect of physical performance, especially in tasks requiring muscular strength. Recent studies in sport psychology have addressed this issue, mainly through the investigation of 'psych-up' strategies and effects. The overall trend in such experiments supports the use of mental preparation strategies for strength tasks, but the evidence is less clear for other types of activities. A recent review on mental practice by Feltz and Landers (1983) employed a 'meta-analysis' technique to analyse the statistical trends in 60 studies of mental practice. They compared the 'effect sizes' for mental practice on cognitive, motor and strength tasks and reported a significantly larger effect size for cognitive tasks than for the others and only a small effect size for strength tasks. This suggests that mental practice is less effective in strength activities and thus appears to question the evidence reported in the 'psych-up' literature. This paper proposes, therefore, that a distinction is necessary between mental preparation and mental practice in order to clarify the findings. Future experiments and reviews must address the issue of distinguishing between types of mental strategies and types of tasks in both practice and preparation.
journal_name
J Sports Scijournal_title
Journal of sports sciencesauthors
Biddle SJdoi
10.1080/02640418508729733subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1985-04-01 00:00:00pages
67-74issue
1eissn
0264-0414issn
1466-447Xjournal_volume
3pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The aim of this study was to assess which of the equations that estimate peak power output and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in the velodrome adapt best to the measurements made by reference systems. Thirty-four endurance cyclists and triathletes performed one incremental test in the laboratory and two tests in the v...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640410701646245
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Maximal oxygen uptake VO(2max)) is considered the optimal method to assess aerobic fitness. The measurement of VO(2max), however, requires special equipment and training. Maximal exercise testing with determination of maximal power output offers a more simple approach. This study explores the relationship between [Vdo...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640410802199789
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to determine the match activity and physiological demands of women's tennis during a 3-day clay-court tennis tournament. The activity profile of eight players was determined by filming each competitive match with video cameras. Metabolic-perceptual measurements--blood samples and individual r...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640410802287089
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the present study, we examined the influence of shoe lacing on foot biomechanics in running. Twenty experienced rearfoot runners ran in six different lacing conditions across a force platform at a speed of 3.3 m . s(-1). Foot pronation during contact, tibial acceleration, and plantar pressure distribution of the ri...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640410802482425
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Skilled golfers are reported to be more flexible than lesser able golfers, which may assist in increased x-factor (shoulder-pelvis separation) at the top of the backswing. However, it is unknown if increased flexibility produces faster clubhead speed. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlations amongst t...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640414.2016.1252052
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The pre-event warm-up or "priming" routine for optimising cycling performance is not well-defined or uniform to a specific event. We aimed to determine the effects of varying the intensity of priming on 3 km cycling performance. Ten endurance-trained male cyclists completed four 3 km time-trials (TT) on four separate ...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1080/02640414.2014.960882
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The length of telomeres is an objective measure of biologic ageing. This study evaluated the extent minutes of walking per week are associated with leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in a random sample of 5,823 U.S. adults. The investigation was cross-sectional and data were obtained from the National Health and Nutritio...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640414.2020.1739896
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mixture of dihydroxyacetone and pyruvate (DHAP) is an ergogenic aid that enhances muscle glucose extraction during prolonged aerobic exercise. In order to evaluate the effect of DHAP on muscle amino acid extraction during exercise, we measured arterial concentration and muscle exchange of amino acids in 18 untrain...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1080/02640419308729958
更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study investigated the effect of self-reported tolerance of the intensity of exercise on affective responses to, self-efficacy for and intention to repeat low-volume high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Thirty-six healthy participants (mean age 21 ± 2 years) were split into high tolerance (HT; n = 19), low to...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640414.2019.1570590
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:System theory is classically applied to describe and to predict the effects of training load on performance. The classic models are structured by impulse-type transfer functions, nevertheless, most biological adaptations display exponential growth kinetics. The aim of this study was to propose an extension of the mode...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640414.2018.1494909
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study investigated the effects of knee localised muscle damage on running kinematics at varying speeds. Nineteen young women (23.2 ± 2.8 years; 164 ± 8 cm; 53.6 ± 5.4 kg), performed a maximal eccentric muscle damage protocol (5 × 15) of the knee extensors and flexors of both legs at 60 rad · s(-1). Lower body kin...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640414.2012.729135
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to compare thoracic spine alignment with two- and three-dimensional calculations of shoulder alignment (defined as a line joining the acromion processes of the right and left scapula) when all measures were projected onto the transverse plane. A six-camera Vicon system was used to reconstruct...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640410252925170
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We examined the effects of time of day on a cycling time trial with and without a prolonged warm-up, among cyclists who tended towards being high in "morningness". Eight male cyclists (mean +/- s: age = 24.9 +/- 3.5 years, peak power output = 319 +/- 34 W, chronotype = 39 +/- 6 units) completed a 16.1-km time trial wi...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640410410001729919
更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Constant-Intensity Endurance Training (CIET) improves peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2) similarly in adults; but in children this remains unclear, as does the influence of maturity. METHODS:Thirty-seven boys formed three groups: HIIT (football; n = 14; 14.3 ± 3.1 years)...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640414.2019.1644890
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Short-term changes in the blood leucocyte count after exercise are known to be dependent on the intensity of exercise performed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the duration of high-intensity exercise on changes in the leucocyte and platelet count during the early recovery period. On sep...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640419508732219
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aims of this experiment were to determine whether there are differences between the sexes in the three-dimensional angular rotations of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during running and, if such differences exist, to establish whether factors other than sex can explain the observed differences. A cohort of 44 non-in...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1080/0264041031000070859
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Youth athletes are known to be at high risk of musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries. Children in developed countries are increasingly adopting a sedentary lifestyle. Although some risk factors related to sports activities have been reported, the effect of lifestyle (i.e. screen time behaviour) on MSK pain in youth athletes ...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640414.2017.1420453
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In modern sprint cross-country skiing, strength and maximal speed are major determinants of performance. The aims of this study were to ascertain the anthropometric characteristics of world-class sprint skiers and to evaluate whether a specific body composition and/or body dimension characterizes a successful sprint s...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640410903414160
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:At the beginning of the twenty-first century, there are 30,000 golf courses and 55 million people who play golf worldwide. In the USA alone, the value of golf club memberships sold in the 1990s was US dollar 3.2 billion. Underpinning this significant human activity is a wide variety of people researching and applying ...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/0264041031000102123
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of the current study was twofold: (1) to validate the use of action sport cameras for quantifying focus of visual attention in sailing and (2) to apply this method to examine whether an external focus of attention is associated with better performance in upwind sailing. To test the validity of this novel quant...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640414.2015.1124135
更新日期：2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Relationships between skeletal maturation and fundamental motor skills and gross motor coordination were evaluated in 429 children (213 boys and 216 girls) 7-10 years. Skeletal age was assessed (Tanner-Whitehouse 2 method), and stature, body mass, motor coordination (Körperkoordinations Test für Kinder, KTK) and funda...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640414.2014.977935
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We examined a theoretical model of global self-esteem that incorporated constructs from achievement goal and self-determination theories. The model hypothesized that self-determined or autonomous motives would mediate the influence of achievement goal orientation on global self-esteem. The adapted version of the Behav...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640410600598315
更新日期：2007-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:This study aimed to investigate deprivation and sex differences in selected health-relatedfitness measures in 9-12-year-old children. Data were captured on 3,407 children (49.3% boys; aged 10.5 ± 0.6 years). Cardiorespiratory fitness(20 m multistage shuttle run test; 20 m MSRT), muscular strength (handgrip strength) a...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640414.2019.1681230
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study investigated differences in lower-limb coordination and coordination variability between experienced and novice runners during a prolonged run. Thirty-four participants were categorised as either experienced (n = 17) or novice runners (n = 17). All participants performed a 31-min treadmill run at their indi...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640414.2018.1539294
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To assess the effect of cold water immersion and active recovery on thermoregulation and repeat cycling performance in the heat, ten well-trained male cyclists completed five trials, each separated by one week. Each trial consisted of a 30-min exercise task, one of five 15-min recoveries (intermittent cold water immer...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1080/02640410701567425
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Coaches are central to talent development in youth soccer and what they say and do impacts on players' achievements and well-being. Researchers have systematically observed coach behaviour and practice activities within this setting (i.e. 'what coaches do'). We review this research in light of contemporary discussion ...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/02640414.2012.721930
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present retrospective study intended to determine age, performance, the role of nationality and participation trends across calendar years in runners competing in "Comrades Marathon", the ultra-marathon with the longest tradition and the highest number of finishers worldwide. We analysed 235,467 finishers (40,211 ...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640414.2018.1559979
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The current study sought to examine the construct validity of the Resistance Training Skills Battery for Children (RTSBc), a movement screen purported to assess resistance training skill in children. Children aged 7-10 years (n = 27, 21 males, 6 females) undertook measures of resistance training skill via the RTSBc, m...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640414.2018.1428885
更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study investigated the effects of two different doses of caffeine on endurance cycle time trial performance in male athletes. Using a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study design, sixteen well-trained and familiarised male cyclists (Mean ± s: Age = 32.6 ± 8.3 years; Body mass = 78.5 ± 6.0 k...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1080/02640414.2011.632431
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In rowing, power is inevitably lost as kinetic energy is imparted to the water during push-off with the blades. Power loss is estimated from reconstructed blade kinetics and kinematics. Traditionally, it is assumed that the oar is completely rigid and that force acts strictly perpendicular to the blade. The aim of the...
journal_title：Journal of sports sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/02640414.2010.495994
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
