Abstract:
:Urban landscapes contain a mix of land-use types with different patterns of nitrogen (N) cycling and export. We measured nitrate (NO(3)(-)) leaching and soil:atmosphere nitrous oxide (N(2)O) flux in four urban grassland and eight forested long-term study plots in the Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan area. We evaluated ancillary controls on these fluxes by measuring soil temperature, moisture, and soil:atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide on these plots and by sampling a larger group of forest, grass, and agricultural sites once to evaluate soil organic matter, microbial biomass, and potential net N mineralization and nitrification. Annual NO(3)(-) leaching ranged from 0.05 to 4.1 g N m(-2) yr(-1) and was higher in grass than forest plots, except in a very dry year and when a disturbed forest plot was included in the analysis. Nitrous oxide fluxes ranged from 0.05 to >0.3 g N m(-2) yr(-1), with few differences between grass and forest plots and markedly higher fluxes in wet years. Differences in NO(3)(-) leaching and N(2)O flux between forests and grasslands were not as high as expected given the higher frequency of disturbance and fertilization in the grasslands. Carbon dioxide flux, organic matter, and microbial biomass were as high or higher in urban grasslands than in forests, suggesting that active carbon cycling creates sinks for N in vegetation and soil in these ecosystems. Although urban grasslands export more N to the environment than native forests, they have considerable capacity for N retention that should be considered in evaluations of land-use change.
journal_name
J Environ Qualjournal_title
Journal of environmental qualityauthors
Groffman PM,Williams CO,Pouyat RV,Band LE,Yesilonis IDdoi
10.2134/jeq2008.0521subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-07-23 00:00:00pages
1848-60issue
5eissn
0047-2425issn
1537-2537pii
38/5/1848journal_volume
38pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Standard methods for the evaluation of recreational water quality rely on generic bacterial indicators such as . However, does not provide enough information to determine fecal source or public health risk. The stsudy objective was to determine factors influencing the presence of and host-specific markers (HSM) from u...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2017.03.0105
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Decay rates are central parameters in modeling pesticide fate and transport in the environment. Pesticide decay is usually modeled as a first-order process, and variations in half-life can have significant impacts on model predictions. Decay rates for the foliage and thatch components of turf are scarce, and most simu...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2134/jeq2007.0620
更新日期:2009-01-13 00:00:00
abstract::Heavy metal pollution of soil has been recognized as a major factor impeding soil microbial processes. From this perspective, we studied responses of the soil biological activities to metal stress simulated by soil amendment with Zn, Pb, and Cd chlorides. The amounts of heavy metal salts added to five metal-polluted s...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2003.1346
更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper reviews trace metal dynamics in floodplain soils using the Elbe floodplains in Germany as an example of extraordinary importance because of the pollution level of its sediments and soils. Trace metal dynamics are determined by processes of retention and release, which are influenced by a number of soil prop...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0299
更新日期:2009-05-20 00:00:00
abstract::The influence of biochar on nitrogen (N) transformation processes in soil is not fully understood. This study assessed the influence of four biochars (wood and poultry manure biochars synthesized at 400 degrees C, nonactivated, and at 550 degrees C, activated, abbreviated as: W400, PM400, W550, PM550, respectively) on...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2009.0138
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hyperaccumulated Ni can defend plant tissues against herbivores and pathogens. The effectiveness of this defense, however, has not been tested with a viral pathogen. Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) accumulation was studied in two serpentine species of Streptanthus with different Ni uptake abilities. Plants of a Ni hyperacc...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2001.30185x
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of liquid hog manure (LHM) and commercial fertilizer on NO-N leaching was measured for 2 yr in a long-term manure experiment on a loamy sand soil at Carberry, MB. The field experiment, sown to barley ( L.) and wheat ( L.), comprised six treatments including two rates of LHM (28, 084 and 56,168 L ha [2500 an...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2017.08.0333
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Anthropogenic nitrate (NO3-) within the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River basin and discharge to the Gulf of Mexico has been linked to serious environmental problems. The sources of this NO3- have been estimated by others using mass balance methods; however, there is considerable uncertainty in these estimates. Part of th...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2005.0012
更新日期:2006-02-02 00:00:00
abstract::Adsorption-desorption of copper (Cu2+) at contaminated levels in two red soils was investigated. The red soil derived from the Quaternary red earths (clayey, kaolinitic thermic plinthite Aquult) (REQ) adsorbed more Cu2+ than the red soil developed on the Arenaceous rock (clayey, mixed siliceous thermic typic Dystrochr...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2002.1129
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Denitrifying bioreactors are dependent on organic matter supply as a substrate for effective NO removal. In this study, the difference in removal efficiency and side effects when using different organic matter sources and dosing strategies was tested in two field experiments. The organic matter sources tested were woo...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2018.04.0165
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential element that occurs at above-background concentrations in many New Zealand (NZ) soils. Most of this Cd is due to the historical application of single superphosphate that was made from Nauru phosphate rock containing between 400 and 600 mg Cd kg P. Pasture Cd uptake exacerbates the entry ...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2013.09.0367
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eutrophication of surface waters due to nonpoint source pollution from urban environments has raised awareness of the need to decrease runoff from roads and other impervious surfaces. These concerns have led to precautionary P application restrictions on turf and requirements for vegetative buffer strips. The impacts ...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2006.0232
更新日期:2007-01-25 00:00:00
abstract::Environmental regulations on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from corn (Zea mays L.)-ethanol production require accurate assessment methods to determine emissions savings from coproducts that are fed to livestock. We investigated current use of coproducts in livestock diets and estimated the magnitude and variability i...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2009.0283
更新日期:2010-02-19 00:00:00
abstract::Most farms have a centralized location to fill spray tanks with pesticides and to flush and clean application equipment. These sites, depending on the frequency of use, could be significant sources of surface and groundwater contamination. One approach to minimize this contamination is to install a treatment system, s...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2016.04.0124
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most studies of phosphorus (P) movement in soil have based their conclusions on patterns of extractable soil P as a function of depth, which has led to the assumption that no substantial leaching loss occurs because of high P-fixation capacity in mineral soils. Few studies have involved high-quality leachate samples c...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2002.7690
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The groundwater of Jeju Island (Republic of Korea) is vulnerable to contamination because its aquifers are mainly composed of highly permeable geological units and its agricultural fields are often exposed to excessive use of predominantly synthetic fertilizers. In the Gosan area of Jeju Island, we investigated nitrat...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0417
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Copper sulfate (CuSO4) is applied periodically to commercial channel catfish (Ictalurus panctatus) ponds as an algicide or parasiticide. Current understanding of the chemistry of copper in soil-water systems suggests that copper may accumulate in pond sediments, although the forms and potential bioavailability of copp...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2001.303912x
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The New York Phosphorus Index (NY-PI) was introduced in 2001 after the release of the state's first Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) Permit that required a nutrient management plan developed in accordance with NRCS standards. The stakeholder-based approach to development of the NY-PI, combined with a requi...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2016.05.0185
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microbial mineralization of urea and uric acid in poultry litter results in the production of ammonia, which can lead to decreased poultry performance, malodorous emissions, and loss of poultry litter value as a fertilizer. Despite the fact that this is a microbial process, little is known about how the microbial popu...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0024
更新日期:2008-10-23 00:00:00
abstract::Metal contaminants in soils can persist for millennia, causing lasting negative impacts on local ecosystems. Long-term contaminant bioavailability is related to soil pH and to the strength and stability of solid-phase associations. We combined physical density separation with synchrotron-based microspectroscopy to red...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2016.05.0184
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transitional ecotones such as vegetated buffer strips, stream banks, and streambeds retain phosphorus (P) in the immediate surroundings of farmland. Yet the fate of P in these ecotones remains unclear. Our objectives were to (i) test the difference in the P pool composition of soil and sediment between sites surrounde...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2019.01.0012
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial extracellular polymers (BEP) affect the translocation and fate of organic and inorganic pollutants in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In this study, BEP from activated sludge was compared with sludge dissolved organic matter (DOM) in terms of behavior and effects on the mobilization and bioavailability o...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2004.1540
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two separate laboratory experiment series, surface runoff and steady-state seepage, were performed to determine if dust suppressant products can be applied to soils with an expected minimal to no negative impact on water quality. The experiments were designed to mimic arid field conditions and used two soils (clayey a...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0188
更新日期:2009-02-06 00:00:00
abstract::A microplate method was developed as a tool to test phages for their ability to control Salmonella in aqueous environments. The method used EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) worst case water (WCW) in 96-well plates. The WCW provided a consistent and relatively simple defined turbid aqueous matrix, high in tot...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2007.0019
更新日期:2008-01-04 00:00:00
abstract::Antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) was used to determine if enterococci of human origin were present in a stream (Spout Run) that passes through a rural nonsewered community (Millwood, VA). Millwood consists of 82 homes, all served by individual septic systems, and Spout Run drains a 5,800-ha karst topography waters...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2002.1300
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::An important aspect for the evaluation of fire effects in slash-and-burn agricultural system, as well as in wildfire, is the soil burn severity. The objective of this study is to estimate the maximum temperature reached in real soil burn events using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) as an analytical tool, ...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2015.06.0305
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Knowledge of the balance between nutrient inputs and removals is required for identifying regions that possess an excess or deficit of nutrients. This assessment describes the balance between the agricultural nutrient inputs and removals for nine geographical districts within Arkansas from 1997 to 2001. The total N, P...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2004.1606
更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Closed chambers used to measure soil-atmosphere exchange of trace gases including nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) generate errors due to suppression of the gas concentration gradient at the soil-atmosphere interface. A method is described here for estimating the magnitude of flux underestimation arisi...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2009.0231
更新日期:2009-12-30 00:00:00
abstract::Whole-cell bacterial biosensors (bioreporters) are commonly applied for determination of metal toxicity and bioavailability in environmental samples. This is accomplished using a standard procedure whereby the sample is mixed with bioreporter cells suspended in a buffered medium at a fixed pH (set-point pH assay). Thi...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2018.10.0352
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A P index was developed as a tool to rank agricultural fields on the basis of P loss vulnerability, helping to target remedial P management options within watersheds. We evaluated two approaches, a soil P threshold and components of a P index, by comparing site vulnerability estimates derived from these two approaches...
journal_title:Journal of environmental quality
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2134/jeq2001.2026
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00