Abstract:
OBJECTIVES:We evaluated changing patterns of tobacco use following a period of forced tobacco abstinence in a US military cohort to determine rates of harm elimination (e.g., tobacco cessation), harm reduction (e.g., from smoking to smokeless tobacco use), and harm escalation (e.g., from smoking to dual use or from smokeless tobacco use to smoking or dual use). METHODS:Participants were 5225 Air Force airmen assigned to the health education control condition in a smoking cessation and prevention trial. Tobacco use was assessed by self-report at baseline and 12 months. RESULTS:Among 114 baseline smokers initiating smokeless tobacco use after basic military training, most demonstrated harm escalation (87%), which was 5.4 times more likely to occur than was harm reduction (e.g., smoking to smokeless tobacco use). Harm reduction was predicted, in part, by higher family income and belief that switching from cigarettes to smokeless tobacco is beneficial to health. Harm escalation predictors included younger age, alcohol use, longer smoking history, and risk-taking. CONCLUSIONS:When considering a harm reduction strategy with smokeless tobacco, the tobacco control community should balance anticipated benefits of harm reduction with the risk of harm escalation and the potential for adversely affecting public health.
journal_name
Am J Public Healthjournal_title
American journal of public healthauthors
Klesges RC,Sherrill-Mittleman D,Ebbert JO,Talcott GW,Debon Mdoi
10.2105/AJPH.2009.175091subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-12-01 00:00:00pages
2487-92issue
12eissn
0090-0036issn
1541-0048pii
100/12/2487journal_volume
100pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Municipal swimming pools and wading pools were examined for the presence of human enteric viruses using a portable virus concentrator at the site to concentrate viruses from 100-gallon to 500-gallon samples. Ten of 14 samples contained viruses; three of these were positive for virus in the presence of residual free ch...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.71.9.1026
更新日期:1981-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:We sought to determine the amount of time required for a primary care physician to provide recommended preventive services to an average patient panel. METHODS:We used published and estimated times per service to determine the physician time required to provide all services recommended by the US Preventive ...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.93.4.635
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::From 1919 to 1952, approximately 20 000 individuals were sterilized in California's state institutions on the basis of eugenic laws that sought to control the reproductive capacity of people labeled unfit and defective. Using data from more than 19 000 sterilization recommendations processed by state institutions over...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303489
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The accepted wisdom about the US overdose crisis singles out prescribing as the causative vector. Although drug supply is a key factor, we posit that the crisis is fundamentally fueled by economic and social upheaval, its etiology closely linked to the role of opioids as a refuge from physical and psychological trauma...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:We assessed the impact of changes in dimensions of the psychosocial work environment on risk of depression in a longitudinal cohort of Canadian workers who were free of depression when work conditions were initially reported. METHODS:Using a sample (n = 3735) from the Canadian National Population Health Sur...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300376
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To describe the association between indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) and the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the United States during the period 2002 to 2010, when overall ASD prevalence among children more than doubled, and to determine whether SES disparities account for ongoing rac...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304032
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:This study determined infection risk for HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) from needle reuse at a phlebotomy center that possibly exposed 3810 patients to infection. METHODS:We used a model for the risk of infection per blood draw, supplemented by subsequent testing results from 1699...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.91.4.636
更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Research evidence indicates that 2 forms of racial discrimination-perceived interpersonal discrimination and racial/ethnic residential segregation (a form of institutional discrimination)-may influence children's health and disparities. Although research on these 2 forms of discrimination and health has primarily focu...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300986
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To assess the prevalence and factors associated with physical and nonphysical violence in a sample of general practitioners (GPs). METHODS:We used a cross-sectional design to collect data from December 2014 to March 2015 with a structured self-administered questionnaire from 1015 GPs in Hubei Province, Cent...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304519
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:We compared faculty promotion rates by race/ethnicity across US academic medical centers. METHODS:We used the Association of American Medical College's 1983 through 2000 faculty roster data to estimate median institution-specific promotion rates for assistant professor to associate professor and for associa...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300552
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.94.10.1717
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.128207
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study examined trends in tobacco use in a random sample of 2 of the 20 top-grossing US films each year from 1960 through 1990 (62 films). The overall rate of tobacco use did not change. Films continue to portray smokers as successful, attractive White males. Smoking groups became larger, smoking alone declined, h...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.84.6.998
更新日期:1994-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.66.5.461
更新日期:1976-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In data from the Texas Educational Agency and the Health Resources and Services Administration, we found fewer autism diagnoses in school districts with higher percentages of Hispanic children. Our results are consistent with previous reports of autism rates 2 to 3 times as high among non-Hispanic Whites as among Hisp...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150565
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To assess the prevalence of abortion among population groups and changes in rates between 2008 and 2014. METHODS:We used secondary data from the Abortion Patient Survey, the American Community Survey, and the National Survey of Family Growth to estimate abortion rates. We used information from the Abortion ...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304042
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Relay, a peer-delivered response to nonfatal opioid overdoses, provides overdose prevention education, naloxone, support, and linkage to care to opioid overdose survivors for 90 days after an overdose event. From June 2017 to December 2018, Relay operated in seven New York City emergency departments and enrolled 649 o...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305202
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:This study assessed trends in HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users in New York City from 1990 to 1997. METHODS:Injection drug users were recruited continuously from a large drug detoxification treatment program (N = 2588) and a research storefront located in a high-drug-use area (N = 2701). Informe...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.2105/ajph.90.7.1112
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) is an example of a medical technology that has been widely accepted since its introduction in the mid-1960s. However, review of the literature does not provide convincing evidence of EFM efficacy, and four recent, controlled, clinical trails show little if any benefit in terms of prev...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.69.9.931
更新日期:1979-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.77.7.789
更新日期:1987-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To investigate the effects of precursor chemical regulation aimed at reducing cocaine production on cocaine-related maternal and newborn hospital stays in the United States. METHODS:We analyzed monthly counts of maternal and neonatal stays from January 2002 through December 2013 by using a quasi-experimenta...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.303708
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.167999
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Decentralized health service delivery responsive to the needs of local populations implies allocating program funds to regions on the basis of predetermined criteria that can facilitate effective planning and budgeting. In 1974, the Manitoba Continuing Care Program attempted to develop a formula for regional allocatio...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.70.1.77
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sarasota, Fla, used Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles to guide revitalization efforts in its crime-ridden North Trail area. A team of city planners, police officers, and architects examined land use and crime data and sought input from local businesses, residents, and community leaders. ...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.93.9.1442
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Higher prices reduce consumption and initiation of tobacco products. A minimum price law that establishes a high statutory minimum price and prohibits the industry's discounting tactics for tobacco products is a promising pricing strategy as an alternative to excise tax increases. Although some states have adopted min...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302069
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper presents data from an experimental project which distributed oral contraceptives, foam, and condoms to households in three rural areas of Haiti between January 1978 and March 1980. The contraceptive distribution had little apparent impact on traditional, prolonged breastfeeding patterns, and the percentage ...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.72.8.835
更新日期:1982-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This psychiatric epidemiology study following the Mount St. Helens volcanic disaster revealed a significant morbidity for psychiatric disorders. The increased prevalence showed a dose response pattern in three population groups. The findings are reported as relative and attributable risk for the two exposed population...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.76.suppl.76
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of Be the Exception, a newly developed program to delay onset of sexual behaviors, in a White, rural population. METHODS: A cluster randomized controlled trial in northwestern Indiana (14 schools, 1776 students, 2011-2015) compared an intervention (5 group sessions and multimedia ...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303438
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We verified a random sample of 50 references in the May 1986 issue of each of three public health journals. Thirty-one per cent of the 150 references had citation errors, one out of 10 being a major error (reference not locatable). Thirty per cent of the references differed from authors' use of them with half being a ...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.77.8.1011
更新日期:1987-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:This study reports on Canadian mammography rates between 1990, when mass screening programs were launched, and 1994/95. METHODS:Mammography rates from 2 national surveys were compared according to the presence of a provincial screening program. RESULTS:Mammography rates among women aged 50 to 69 years (the...
journal_title:American journal of public health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2105/ajph.89.6.927
更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00