Continuous cultivation and thermodynamic aspects of niche definition in the nitrogen cycle.

abstract：:The ability to obtain large amounts of genomic sequence for organisms and high throughput technology has led to a change in the thrust of research at the level of chromosomes in animals. In the past chromosomal analysis of animals was focused on gross changes such as inversions, translocations, and deletions for both ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： DeSalle R,Gregory TR,Johnston JS

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recurrent aliphatic hydrophobic amino acids which occur in the sequence of a protein or a peptide at positions which form an axial, hydrophobic strip when the sequence is coiled as an alpha helix might stabilize coiling against hydrophobic surfaces. That effect can lead to helix formation against hydrophobic cores of ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Reyes VE,Lew RA,Lu S,Humphreys RE

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The binding of the chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 12 (CXCL12 or stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha [SDF-1alpha]) constitutively produced by bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts, to the CXC receptor (CXCR) 4, a transmembrane chemokine receptor expressed on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), has emerg...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Rettig MP,Ramirez P,Nervi B,DiPersio JF

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gene therapy vectors based on murine retroviruses have now been in clinical trials for over 20 years. During that time, a variety of novel vector pseudotypes were developed in an effort to improve gene transfer. Lentiviral vectors are now in clinical trials and a similar evolution of vector technology is anticipated. ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Leath A,Cornetta K

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Model building studies may be used to supplement structurally low resolution experimental data with detailed three-dimensional hypothetical atomic models. Because of the strong relation between structure and function in biological molecules such models may give a consistent, integral view of a wealth of experimental d...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： von Kitzing E

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We have developed two screening systems for isolating inhibitors that target bacterial two-component signal transduction: (1) a differential growth assay using a temperature-sensitive yycF mutant (CNM2000) of Bacillus subtilis, which is supersensitive to histidine kinase inhibitors, and (2) a high-throughput genetic s...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Okada A,Gotoh Y,Watanabe T,Furuta E,Yamamoto K,Utsumi R

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The nitrogen (N) cycle is the only global biogeochemical cycle that is driven by biological functions involving the interaction of many microorganisms. The N cycle has evolved over geological time and its interaction with the oxygen cycle has had profound effects on the evolution and timing of Earth's atmosphere oxyge...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Godfrey LV,Glass JB

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Myoglobin has recently emerged as a versatile metalloprotein scaffold for the design of efficient and selective biocatalysts for abiological carbene transfer reactions, including asymmetric cyclopropanation reactions. Over the past few years, our group has explored several strategies to modulate the carbene transfer r...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Carminati DM,Moore EJ,Fasan R

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Significant progress has been made in discovering and cloning a host of proteins, including a range of glycoproteins. The availability of their predicted amino acid sequences provides useful information, including potential N-linked glycosylation sites. However, only a limited number of protein structures have been so...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Yen TY,Macher BA

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Considering that HIV-1 accumulates and replicates actively within lymphoid tissues, any strategy that will decrease viral stores in these tissues might be beneficial to the infected host. Follicular dendritic cells (FDC), B lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells like macrophages, and activated CD4(+) T cells are abunda...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Désormeaux A,Bergeron MG

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Monte Carlo simulations of neighbor exclusion models have been used to demonstrate the importance of collecting and fitting data over a wide range of saturation. Low saturation data are important for good estimates of the affinity K of a drug or protein for the lattice site. High saturation data are important for dist...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Correia JJ,Chaires JB

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:IF-liposomes are formed by a unique process that involves fusing small liposomes into interdigitated lipid sheets, using either ethanol or hydrostatic pressure. The interdigitation-fusion method requires liposome formulations with lipids that form the L beta I phase. Preparing ethanol-induced IF-liposomes is simple an...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Ahl PL,Perkins WR

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In human, rat, and mice, a UGT1 complex locus provides for developmental-, inducer-, and cell-specific synthesis of a family of chemical-detoxifying isozymes, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, which prevent toxicities, mutagenesis, and/or carcinogenesis. Between 10 and 14 first exons with individual promoter elements are ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Owens IS,Basu NK,Banerjee R

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human solid tumors are invariably less well-oxygenated than the normal tissues from which they arose. This so-called tumor hypoxia leads to resistance to radiotherapy and anticancer chemotherapy as well as predisposing for increased tumor metastases. In this chapter, we examine the resistance of tumors to radiotherapy...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Brown JM

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hybrid proteins or chimeras are generated by recombination of protein fragments. In the course of evolution, this mechanism has led to major diversification of protein folds and their functionalities. Similarly, protein engineers have taken advantage of this attractive strategy to build new proteins. Methods that use ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Rico JA,Höcker B

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chemokines are essential mediators of leukocyte movement in vivo. In vitro assays of leukocyte migration cannot mimic the complex interactions with other cell types and matrix needed for cells to extravasate and migrate into tissues. Therefore, in vivo strategies to study the effects and potential relevance of chemoki...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Amaral FA,Boff D,Teixeira MM

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Peptides corresponding to the calmodulin-binding domain of MLCK and other target enzymes promise to be useful tools in the study of calmodulin action. Not only will they help to elucidate the molecular interactions of calmodulin with specific target enzymes, but they should also prove to be useful calmodulin antagonis...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Blumenthal DK,Krebs EG

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The above methodology has been used to prepare a variety of PE-immunotoxins. These reagents are potent cytotoxic agents for cells in culture that bind the appropriate antibody and nontoxic when cells do not bind the antibody. PE-immunotoxins can be used to select for mutant cultured cells which lack the target of the ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： FitzGerald DJ

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:By far the highest resolution of all separation techniques for intact proteins in a single analytical run continues to be by the combination of isoelectric focusing (IEF) and SDS-PAGE, originally introduced by O'Farrell [(1975). J. Biol. Chem.250, 4007-4021]. This analytical platform has seen a number of significant a...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Friedman DB,Hoving S,Westermeier R

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nanotechnology offers a new platform for therapeutic delivery of antiretrovirals to the central nervous system (CNS) where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is sequestered in patients with HIV-1-associated neurological disorders (HAND). HAND is a spectrum of neurocognitive disorders that continue to persist in HIV-...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Mahajan SD,Law WC,Aalinkeel R,Reynolds J,Nair BB,Yong KT,Roy I,Prasad PN,Schwartz SA

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T lymphocytes express on their surface a heterodimeric αβ receptor, called the T cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes foreign antigens. Unlike antibodies, the recognition requires both an antigenic peptide epitope and a protein encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In contrast to conventional antibod...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Stone JD,Chervin AS,Aggen DH,Kranz DM

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Polarized epithelial cells are characterized by distinct plasma membrane domains and asymmetrical distribution of cell surface proteins and lipids. In vertebrates, tight junctions act as a fence between the apical and basolateral domains. Although many of the key components of the polarity machinery have been identifi...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Chen X,Macara IG

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:RNA folds during transcription in the cell. Compared to most in vitro studies where the focus is generally on Mg(2+)-initiated refolding of fully synthesized transcripts, cotranscriptional RNA folding studies better replicate how RNA folds in a cellular environment. Unique aspects of cotranscriptional folding include ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Wong TN,Pan T

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The existence of an accurate force field (FF) model that reproduces the free-energy landscape is a key prerequisite for the simulation of biomineralization. Here, the stages in the development of such a model are discussed including the quality of the water model, the thermodynamics of polymorphism, and the free energ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Raiteri P,Demichelis R,Gale JD

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A fundamental function of the vasculature is to deliver oxygen to tissues and organs. The cells that make up the vasculature also require oxygen, and are acted upon by oxygen in direct and indirect ways that can have significant effects on acute and chronic vascular function and morphology. The role that oxygen, or it...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Huang Y,Giordano FJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The field of therapeutic application of the A₃ adenosine receptor (A₃AR) antagonists represents a rapidly growing and intense area of research in the adenosine field. Even if there are currently no A₃AR antagonists in clinical phases, in light of the plethora of biological effects attributed to A₃ARs, substantial effo...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Paoletta S,Federico S,Spalluto G,Moro S

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Paraquat (PQ) is a prototypical redox cycling agent commonly used experimentally to generate reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Recently, PQ has also come under investigation as a potential environmental neurotoxin associated with increased risk for neurodegenerative disease developing after chronic exposur...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Drechsel DA,Patel M

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:High content, phenotypic screens offer a powerful approach to systems biology at the cellular level. The approach employs cells carrying fluorescently labeled molecules or organelles in 384- or 1536-well microplates, and an automated confocal screening microscope for capturing images from each well. Although some spec...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Kepiro M,Varkuti BH,Davis RL

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability to efficiently modulate autophagy activity is paramount in the study of the field. Conventional broad-range autophagy inhibitors and genetic manipulation using RNA interference (RNAi), although widely used in autophagy research, are often limited in specificity or efficacy. In this chapter, we address the ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： O'Prey J,Sakamaki J,Baudot AD,New M,Van Acker T,Tooze SA,Long JS,Ryan KM

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Precise investigation and manipulation of gene function often require modulation in a controlled and dynamic manner. In this chapter, we describe the methods to apply HIT systems for drug inducible transcriptional activation or simultaneous activation and genome editing in human cells. Together with those for editing,...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Zhao C,Wei S,Wang Y

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00