In Vivo Models to Study Chemokine Biology.

abstract：:In the presence of specialized proteins or peptides, a biological membrane can spontaneously restructure itself to allow communication between the intracellular and the extracellular sides. Examples of these proteins include cell-penetrating peptides and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which interact with cell membrane...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Mishra A,Tai KP,Schmidt NW,Ouellette AJ,Wong GC

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Structure-based protein design is a powerful technique with great potential. Challenges in two areas limit performance: structure scoring and sequence-structure searching. Many of the functions used to describe the relationship between protein sequence and energy are computationally expensive to evaluate, and the spac...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Negron C,Keating AE

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent studies using sulfotransferase-deficient mice have revealed various physiological functions of sulfated glycans. Studies using gene-targeted mice deficient in both N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferase (GlcNAc6ST)-1 and GlcNAc6ST-2 showed that these sulfotransferases play critical roles in lymphocyte homing....

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Kawashima H

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Studies on DNA replication in S. pombe have provided powerful insights into the way in which the genome of this model eukaryote is replicated and how the replication process is controlled. These studies have been facilitated by the simplicity and range of methods available in this organism for physiological and geneti...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： MacNeill SA,Fantes PA

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This chapter presents the application of capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry (CE-ES-MS) for the analysis of complex bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from pathogenic strains of Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis. A discussion is included of the development of electropho...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Li J,Martin A,Cox AD,Moxon ER,Richards JC,Thibault P

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this chapter, we describe the currently most advanced methods applied for the quantitative assessment of ROS homeostasis inside the mitochondrion. These techniques are of particular interest in the field of oxidative stress. After discussing the importance of quantifying mitochondrial ROS homeostasis, three major a...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Tretter L,Ambrus A

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mitochondria are considered one of the main sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The overgeneration of ROS can evoke an intracellular state of oxidative stress, leading to permanent cell damage. Thus, the intracellular accumulation of ROS may not only disrupt the functions of specific tissues and organs but also ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Wojtala A,Bonora M,Malinska D,Pinton P,Duszynski J,Wieckowski MR

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling has been implicated in a panoply of cellular responses including survival, proliferation, protein synthesis, migration, and vesicular trafficking. In addition, alterations in the enzymatic activity of PI3Ks have been involved in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, ranging ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Ciraolo E,Gulluni F,Hirsch E

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This chapter outlined the methods used to study intra- and extracellular modifications of apolipoproteins. These and other related studies have shown that several of the apolipoproteins undergo a series of intra- and extracellular modifications as follows: All apolipoproteins studied contain an 18-26 long signal pepti...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Zannis VI,Karathanasis SK,Forbes GM,Breslow JL

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Circadian rhythms generated by cell autonomous biological clocks allow for the appropriate temporal synchronization of physiology and behavior, optimizing the efficiency of biological systems. Circadian oscillators and functions have been uncovered in both central and peripheral tissues. This article describes methodo...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Rudic RD,Curtis AM,Cheng Y,FitzGerald G

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous gaseous mediator that plays important roles in many physiological processes in microbes, plants, and animals. This chapter focuses on the important roles of hydrogen sulfide in protecting tissues against injury, promoting the repair of damage, and downregulating the inflammatory respo...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Gemici B,Wallace JL

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The lung is composed of two major anatomically distinct regions-the conducting airways and gas-exchanging airspaces. From a cell biology standpoint, the conducting airways can be further divided into two major compartments, the tracheobronchial and bronchiolar airways, while the alveolar regions of the lung make up th...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Liu X,Driskell RR,Engelhardt JF

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two-component signal transduction systems, composed of histidine kinases and response regulators, enable bacteria to sense, respond, and adapt to changes in their internal and external conditions. The importance of these signaling systems is reflected in their widespread distribution and prevalence in the bacterial ki...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Laub MT,Biondi EG,Skerker JM

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Staphylococcus aureus ribonuclease III (Sa-RNase III) belongs to the enzyme family known to process double-stranded RNAs consisting of two turns of the RNA helix. Although the enzyme is thought to play a role in ribosomal RNA processing and gene regulation, the deletion of the rnc gene in S. aureus does not affect cel...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Chevalier C,Huntzinger E,Fechter P,Boisset S,Vandenesch F,Romby P,Geissmann T

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the past 19 years, we have developed a novel myxoma virus-derived anti-inflammatory serine protease inhibitor, termed a serpin, as a new class of immunomodulatory therapeutic. This review will describe the initial identification of viral serpins with anti-inflammatory potential, beginning with preclinical analysi...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Chen H,Zheng D,Davids J,Bartee MY,Dai E,Liu L,Petrov L,Macaulay C,Thoburn R,Sobel E,Moyer R,McFadden G,Lucas A

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glass microfluidic devices have been fabricated to monitor the secretion of glycerol or fatty acids from cultured murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In the current studies, adipocytes are perfused in a reversibly sealed cell chamber, and secreted products are analyzed by enzyme assay on either a single- or dual-chip device. Th...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Dugan CE,Kennedy RT

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Monte Carlo simulations of neighbor exclusion models have been used to demonstrate the importance of collecting and fitting data over a wide range of saturation. Low saturation data are important for good estimates of the affinity K of a drug or protein for the lattice site. High saturation data are important for dist...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Correia JJ,Chaires JB

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Helical symmetry is commonly used for building macromolecular assemblies. Helical symmetry is naturally present in viruses and cytoskeletal filaments and also occurs during crystallization of isolated proteins, such as Ca-ATPase and the nicotinic acetyl choline receptor. Structure determination of helical assemblies b...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Diaz R,Rice WJ,Stokes DL

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two-hybrid systems are one of the most popular, preferred, cost effective, and scalable in vivo genetic approaches for screening protein-protein interactions. A number of variants of yeast and bacterial two-hybrid systems exist, rendering them ideal for modern, flexible proteomics-driven studies. For mapping protein i...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Mehla J,Caufield JH,Sakhawalkar N,Uetz P

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cell proliferation requires the coordination of multiple signaling pathways as well as the provision of metabolic substrates. Nutrients are required to generate such building blocks and their form of utilization differs to significant extents between malignant tissues and their nontransformed counterparts. Thus, oncog...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Iurlaro R,León-Annicchiarico CL,Muñoz-Pinedo C

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although the function of histone deacetylases (HDACs) have primarily been associated with influencing transcription through chromatin remodeling, the capacity of these enzymes to interface with a diverse array of biologic processes by modulating a growing list of nonhistone substrates has gained recent attention. Rece...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Kahali S,Sarcar B,Chinnaiyan P

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Virtually all eukaryotic cell functions and signaling pathways are regulated by protein phosphorylation. The Rad53 kinase plays crucial roles in the DNA damage response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is widely used as a surrogate marker for DNA damage checkpoint activation by diverse genotoxic agents. Most currently ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Hoch NC,Chen ES,Tsai MD,Heierhorst J

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent work demonstrates that RNA interference (RNAi) can coordinate protein expression. Inhibitory RNAs are expressed naturally in cells as microRNAs (miRNAs) or introduced into cells as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Both types of small RNAs can be used at the bench to silence mRNA expression. For many researchers...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Davidson BL,Harper SQ

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gene therapy vectors based on murine retroviruses have now been in clinical trials for over 20 years. During that time, a variety of novel vector pseudotypes were developed in an effort to improve gene transfer. Lentiviral vectors are now in clinical trials and a similar evolution of vector technology is anticipated. ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Leath A,Cornetta K

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Peptides are multidentate chiral ligands capable of coordinating different metal ions. Nowadays, they can be obtained with high yield and purity, thanks to the advances on peptide/protein chemistry as well as in equipment (peptide synthesizers). Based on the identity and length of their amino acid sequences, peptides ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Lima LM,Iranzo O

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the early days of cell volume regulation research, the role of actin cytoskeleton organization and rearrangement has attracted specific interest. Rapid modifications in actin dynamics and architecture have been described. They were shown to regulate cell volume changes, as well as regulatory volume decrease in a...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Papakonstanti EA,Stournaras C

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an ideal model system for examining fundamental nitrogen oxide biochemistry. The utility of this model system lies in both the similarities and the differences between yeast and mammalian cells. The similarities between the two systems, with regards to many of the fundamental bioc...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Shinyashiki M,Lopez BE,Rodriguez CE,Fukuto JM

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ubiquitination is a prevalent protein modification catalyzed by E1, E2, and E3 enzymes that activate, conjugate, and ligate, respectively, the ubiquitin protein to substrate protein. In order to establish a mutualistic or parasitic relationship with their eukaryotic hosts, many microorganisms hijack different aspects ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Qiu J,Luo ZQ

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The unexpected discovery of graphene and especially the follow-up explosion of interest in its properties and applications marked the beginning of a new carbon era. Graphene-based nanostructured materials are highly useful because they show great promise in the field of biotechnology and biomedicine. Owing to their un...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Khan M,Husain Q,Asmat S

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Advances in chemical synthesis and characterization of nucleic acids allows for atom-specific modification of complex RNAs, such as present in RNA editing substrates. By preparing substrates for ADARs by chemical synthesis, it is possible to subtly alter the structure of the edited nucleotide. Evaluating the effect th...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Maydanovych O,Easterwood LM,Cui T,Véliz EA,Pokharel S,Beal PA

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00