Abstract：
BACKGROUND:A breakthrough in the microglia and macrophages field was the identification of the macrophage colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) as a pro-survival factor. Its pharmacological inhibition in animals depletes rapidly all microglia and macrophages. Microglial depletion in mixed glial cultures has always represented a challenge and none of the existing approaches delivers satisfactory results. NEW METHOD:We applied a CSF-1R inhibitor (PLX5622) in primary mouse glial cultures, analyzing microglial dose-responses, starting at different time-points and incubating for various periods of time. RESULTS:We used two treatment modalities with 10 μM PLX5622 to deplete microglia: i) immediately after brain homogenization and ii) at day in vitro 12. The application of the inhibitor immediately after cell preparation depleted microglia to 8% at 1 week, to 2% at 4 weeks and to 0.5% at 6 weeks (half-time 3.5 days). When mixed glial cultures were treated starting at day in vitro 12, microglia depletion was slower (half-time 6 days) and not complete, indicating a decreased sensitivity to CSF-1. The remaining astrocytes preserved their proliferation ability, their migration in a scratch wound assay, and their pro-inflammatory (IL-6) response towards lipopolysaccharide. COMPARISON TO EXISTING METHODS:The proposed approach for microglial depletion in mixed glial cultures is more effective than other existing methods and is non-toxic to non-microglial cells. CONCLUSIONS:CSF-1R inhibitors are effective tools for depleting microglia in mixed glial cultures. Longer maturation of the cultures leads to a diminished sensitivity of microglia towards CSF-1. Thus, the treatment should start as early as possible after glial culture preparation.
journal_name
J Neurosci Methodsjournal_title
Journal of neuroscience methodsauthors
Hupp S,Iliev AIdoi
10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108537subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-02-15 00:00:00pages
108537eissn
0165-0270issn
1872-678Xpii
S0165-0270(19)30394-2journal_volume
332pub_type
杂志文章abstract：BACKGROUND:Manual measurement of three routine parameters of axon regeneration and myelination, such as axon counts, axon caliber and G-Ratio, is tedious and time consuming. An automated or semi-automated computer program could improve the efficiency of this process. The concern, however, is that the automated method w...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.05.032
更新日期：2014-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A computational model has been developed for the action potential and, more generally, the electrical behaviour of the rat sympathetic neurone. The neurone is simulated as a complex system in which five voltage-dependent conductances (gNa, gCa, gKV, gA, gKCa), one Ca2+-dependent voltage-independent conductance (gAHP) ...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-0270(97)00199-4
更新日期：1998-04-30 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In this paper exploitation of correlation between post-movement beta rebound in EEG and blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) in fMRI is addressed. Brain studies do not reveal any clear relationship between synchronous neuronal activity and BOLD signal. Simultaneous recording of EEG and fMRI provides a gr...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.07.018
更新日期：2015-10-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Although a considerable amount of knowledge has been accumulated about the activity of individual nerve cells in the brain, little is known about their mutual interactions at the local level. The method presented in this paper allows the reconstruction of functional relations within a group of neurons as recorded by a...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0165-0270(92)90061-h
更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The force-plate actometer is a relatively new computer-based instrument with high temporal and spatial resolution that has been used to measure the behavioral effects of genetic restriction (e.g., inbred mice) and drugs (e.g., dopaminergic agonists and antagonists) on a variety of behaviors in rodents, including locom...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.10.002
更新日期：2006-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:NREM phases of sleep in vertebrates are characterized by slow waves. Crayfish also sleeps while lying on one side on the surface of the water. At this time the numerous spikes on an almost flat base line generated by the brain when alert are replaced by slow waves of 15-20 Hz. In this work, we conducted experiments to...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.01.025
更新日期：2007-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Stains and dyes are frequently used to emphasise tissue structures for viewing under microscopy but few simple objective quantification methods exist. We describe the derivation of a mathematical formula enabling calculation of the relative contribution of three different coloured components to an image, which can be ...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.09.032
更新日期：2008-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The assessment of directed functional connectivity from neuronal data is increasingly common in neuroscience by applying measures based in the Granger causality (GC) framework. Although initially these consisted in simple analyses based on directionality strengths, current methods aim to discriminate causal ...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.02.013
更新日期：2015-04-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Sensory neurons encode external information by a series of times of action potentials, which is called a spike train. However, since it is a point process, it is hard to analyze. Here we propose a method for converting a spike train into a real-valued time series with a fixed sampling interval under the assumption of ...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.06.030
更新日期：2009-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Prehensile behavior is a popular task in current research on human motor control. Most studies on reaching used stationary target objects and, therefore, most models do not address the challenges the motor system must respond to when reaching for moving objects. The machines used in earlier studies to produce object m...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00222-3
更新日期：2000-07-31 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The frequency-following response (FFR) is a scalp-recorded electrophysiological potential reflecting phase-locked activity from neural ensembles in the auditory system. The FFR is often used to assess the robustness of subcortical pitch processing. Due to low signal-to-noise ratio at the single-trial level, ...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.08.010
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We describe an immunocytochemical method for marking microelectrode tracks made during single-unit recordings in long surviving, awake monkeys. This procedure detects the increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein in the glial cells along a microelectrode track using commercially available antibodies. We have success...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-0270(92)90085-r
更新日期：1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Over 90 years after its first recording, scalp electroencephalography (EEG) remains one of the most widely used techniques in human neuroscience research, in particular for the study of event-related potentials (ERPs). However, because of its low signal-to-noise ratio, extracting useful information from thes...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.12.014
更新日期：2018-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The time course of dipeptidase activity and the effect of p-mercuribenzoate (PCMB) on the subestimation of the fluorometric determination of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) during development was studied. ACE and dipeptidase activities were measured fluorometrically in homogenates of the developing ch...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-0270(90)90003-x
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Characterizing the structure and electrophysiological properties of single neurons is essential for understanding how individual cells contribute to the function of neuronal networks. Following intra-cellular recording from neurons in acute brain slices, the structure of the recorded cell has typically been examined b...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-0270(02)00341-2
更新日期：2003-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Sensory and motor pathways in the central nervous system (CNS) of macaque monkeys were visualized by anterograde or retrograde axonal transport of wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) reacted with the chromagen tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), or by the use of anterograde degeneration after specific ablati...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-0270(94)00117-y
更新日期：1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper describes a feedback system in which a neutral density wedge automatically controls the light flux applied to a photoreceptor, so that an intracellular recorded response is held constant. We describe here a "differential sampler" that subtracts the photoreceptors dark response from the light response induce...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-0270(83)90093-6
更新日期：1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Supra-threshold galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) can be used to challenge the balance control system by disrupting vestibular inputs. The goal of this study was to propose an objective method to assess variability across subjects in the minimum safe GVS level that causes maximum balance degradation. New...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.012
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Images of Golgi impregnated neurons from different laminae of the human and rat dorsal horns were subjected to a quantitative analysis to support the Rexed's laminar scheme in mammals. Four methods of fractal analysis were performed in the proceedings: box-counting, mass-radius, cumulative intersection, and vectorized...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.02.009
更新日期：2005-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A simple and low-cost device is described which facilitates the calibration of intracellular DC recordings in amplitude and time. A current source, optically coupled to a conventional stimulator, injects a pulse of current, across a 1-omega resistor connecting the preparation to ground. Amplitude and duration of the c...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-0270(84)90008-6
更新日期：1984-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vertex analysis defines dichotomous networks in terms of the relative frequencies of pendant (Vp) and nodal (Vd) vertices. Va, Vb and Vc comprise the 3 classes of Vd which connect 2, 1 and 0 Vp respectively. The vertex ratio (VR) of Va/Vb may be used to define topology since Va and Vc approach equality in large networ...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0165-0270(86)90118-4
更新日期：1986-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Measurements of neurotransmitters in conscious animals have been restrictive in real-time. The use of specific enzymes within an amperometric probe, based upon a microdialysis membrane, may overcome some of these problems. I report the use of such a probe, with different perfusions of enzymes, to allow real-time measu...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-0270(96)02175-9
更新日期：1997-04-04 00:00:00
abstract：:The technique named detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) has been used to reveal the presence of long-range temporal correlations (LRTC) and scaling behavior (SB) in electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. The occurrence of these phenomena seems to be a salient characteristic of the healthy human brain and alteratio...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.01.010
更新日期：2008-05-30 00:00:00
abstract：:The Barnes maze is a visuo-spatial learning and memory test originally designed for use with rats, and later adapted for use with mice. The Barnes maze design and test procedure vary across studies using mice, but the effects of variation in Barnes maze design and test procedure on learning and memory in mice have not...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.09.027
更新日期：2012-01-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Event-related potentials (ERPs) are evoked brain potentials that are averaged across many trial repetitions with individual trials aligned (i.e. time-locked) to a specific behavioral event, typically the onset of the stimulus (s-lock) or the onset of the behavioral response (r-lock). These evoked potential averages ma...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0165-0270(97)00194-5
更新日期：1998-03-13 00:00:00
abstract：:N-Acetylaspartate (NAA) is an important marker of neuronal function and viability that can be measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). In this paper, we proposed a method to measure NAA synthesis using proton MRS with infusion of uniformly (13)C-labeled glucose, and demonstrated its feasibility in an in v...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.04.001
更新日期：2008-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:According to a basic formulation of the quantal model, evoked synaptic currents are made up of a linear summation of uniquantal synaptic currents, which in turn are equivalent to the spontaneous miniature synaptic currents ('minis') that often persist when evoked neurotransmitter release is blocked. Here I describe a ...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.09.018
更新日期：2003-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Triphasic electrical stimulation pulses with an adjustable phase amplitude ratio (PAR) can reduce stimulus artifacts in electrically evoked compound actions potentials (ECAPs) recording in the cochlea (see companion paper Bahmer and Baumann, submitted for publication). The present study describes the application of tr...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.12.006
更新日期：2012-03-30 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Fear conditioning (FC) in rodents is the most used animal model to investigate the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although research using FC has generated a better understanding of fear memories, studies often rely on mild or moderate FC training and behavioral analysis generally focus...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.02.004
更新日期：2018-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Currently, assessment of unmyelinated axon regeneration is limited to electron microscopy (EM), which is expensive, time consuming and not universally available. This study presents a protocol to estimate the number of unmyelinated axons in a regenerating peripheral nerve without the need for electron micros...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience methods
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.03.006
更新日期：2019-05-15 00:00:00
