Abstract:
:The ratio between ocular and systemic drug concentrations describes the relative safety of ophthalmic dosage forms of the same drug in terms of its systemic side effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of epinephrine pretreatment and solution pH on the aqueous humor:plasma and iris-ciliary body:plasma ratios of peak timolol concentrations after ocular application of timolol. Timolol eyedrops (5 mg/mL, 25 microL) were applied ocularly in pigmented rabbits. Raising pH of the eyedrops from 6.2 to 7.5 did not affect the ratio between ocular and systemic peak drug concentrations, since both ocular and systemic concentrations of timolol were increased. Administration of epinephrine (20 mg/mL, 50 microL) 5 min prior to timolol eyedrop administration reduced the peak timolol concentrations in plasma 65-80%. Epinephrine did not affect the ocular concentrations of timolol. The decreased peak concentrations in plasma were due to the conjunctival and nasal vasoconstricting effects of epinephrine and to the subsequent slower absorption of timolol. Our study demonstrates that compared with currently available eyedrops (pH 6.9), the ocular:systemic concentration ratio of ophthalmic timolol can be improved four- to sixfold in rabbits by combining epinephrine-induced conjunctival and nasal vasoconstriction and improved ocular absorption from pH 7.5 eyedrops.
journal_name
J Pharm Scijournal_title
Journal of pharmaceutical sciencesauthors
Kyyrönen K,Urtti Adoi
10.1002/jps.2600790808subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-08-01 00:00:00pages
688-91issue
8eissn
0022-3549issn
1520-6017pii
S0022-3549(15)48306-6journal_volume
79pub_type
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