Abstract:
:Microglia are long-living resident immune cells of the brain, which secure a stable chemical and physical microenvironment necessary for the proper functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). These highly dynamic cells continuously scan their environment for pathogens and possess the ability to react to damage-induced signals in order to protect the brain. Microglia, together with endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes and astrocytes, form the functional blood-brain barrier (BBB), a specialized endothelial structure that selectively separates the sensitive brain parenchyma from blood circulation. Microglia are in bidirectional and permanent communication with ECs and their perivascular localization enables them to survey the influx of blood-borne components into the CNS. Furthermore, they may stimulate the opening of the BBB, extravasation of leukocytes and angiogenesis. However, microglia functioning requires tight control as their dysregulation is implicated in the initiation and progression of numerous neurological diseases. Disruption of the BBB, changes in blood flow, introduction of pathogens in the sensitive CNS niche, insufficient nutrient supply, and abnormal secretion of cytokines or expression of endothelial receptors are reported to prime and attract microglia. Such reactive microglia have been reported to even escalate the damage of the brain parenchyma as is the case in ischemic injuries, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In this review, we present the current state of the art of the causes and mechanisms of pathological interactions between microglia and blood vessels and explore the possibilities of targeting those dysfunctional interactions for the development of future therapeutics.
journal_name
Acta Neuropatholjournal_title
Acta neuropathologicaauthors
Dudvarski Stankovic N,Teodorczyk M,Ploen R,Zipp F,Schmidt MHHdoi
10.1007/s00401-015-1524-ysubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-03-01 00:00:00pages
347-63issue
3eissn
0001-6322issn
1432-0533pii
10.1007/s00401-015-1524-yjournal_volume
131pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Axonal degeneration contributes to the transient and permanent neurological deficits seen in multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. To study the immunological mechanisms causing axonal degeneration, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in wildtype Lewis rats an...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00401-006-0047-y
更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A quantitative study was performed on spinal cord lesions in seven patients with X-linked recessive spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. The myelinated fiber density of the lateral corticospinal tracts at the T7 cord level was well preserved for both large and small myelinated fibers. On the other hand, neurons in the ...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004010050575
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pathways for transfer of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) across the cerebral microvasculature were studied in Mongolian gerbils after inducing either unilateral carotid-artery ligation or intracarotid air embolism. Electron microscopy on samples from both ipsilateral and contralateral brain hemispheres showed the reactio...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00717032
更新日期:1979-07-13 00:00:00
abstract::Intracellular filamentous tau pathology is the defining feature of tauopathies, which form a subset of neurodegenerative diseases. We have analyzed pathological tau in Alzheimer's disease, and in frontotemporal lobar degeneration associated with tauopathy to include cases with Pick bodies, corticobasal degeneration, p...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1503-3
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intermitochondrial septate structures were found in the dystrophic axons of two cases of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. Septate structures were previously seen in some tumors (glioblastomas and Schwannomas) and several organs of vertebrates and invertebrates, but never in human central nervous system (CNS). The stru...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00688007
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cryostat sections of 12 gliomas and of 3 peritumoral brain tissue samples were investigated for mononuclear cell infiltration by immunohistochemistry, concentrating on cells expressing monocyte/macrophage markers. Only low numbers of T cells were detected in the tumors, whereas in average 20%-30% of all cells present ...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00294647
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report an experimental model of Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease (CJD) in mice leading to the formation of giant autophagic vacuoles (AV) in neurons of the cerebral cortex. These AV appear at the end of the incubation period (4-6 months postinoculation), together with spongy changes and clinical symptoms. Autophagy, a p...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00688178
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::DICER1 syndrome is a rare tumor predisposition syndrome with manifestations that predominantly affect children and young adults. The syndrome is typically caused by heterozygous germline loss-of-function DICER1 alterations accompanied on the other allele by somatic missense mutations occurring at one of a few mutation...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s00401-019-01997-y
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently, 43-kDa TAR DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) was identified as a component of ubiquitinated inclusions (UIs) in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS). To clarify whether TDP-43 immunoreactivity is present in neuronal inclusions in familial ALS (FALS), we examined immunohistochemically the brains and spina...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00401-007-0206-9
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Circumscribed pink areas 0.3-1.0 cm in diameter seen in deeper parts of otherwise well-fixed brains are usually ascribed to inadequate fixation. Twenty-three patients with pink areas in their fixed brains had evidence of inflammation in at least one organ. Blood vessels in the pink areas contained bacteria. Postmortem...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00687020
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The gross and histopathological findings in the brain and spinal cord of five Alaskan Husky dogs with a novel incapacitating and ultimately fatal familial and presumed hereditary neurodegenerative disorder are described. Four dogs presented with neurological deficits before the age of 1 year (7-11 months) and one anim...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004010051192
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase have been associated with structures undergoing neurofibrillary degeneration, as well as with all types of senile plaques, in non-demented aged and Alzheimer's brains. At the electron microscope level, the reaction product of both enzymes, appeared to decorate paired heli...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00296744
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuronal accumulation of oligomeric amyloid-beta (Alphabeta) is considered the proximal cause of neuronal demise in Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. Blood-borne macrophages might reduce Abeta stress to neurons by immigration into the brain and phagocytosis of Alphabeta. We tested migration and export across a blood-br...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00401-008-0481-0
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Striped skunks were inoculated intracerebrally with the scrapie agent (suspension of brain from a naturally infected Suffolk sheep) or intramuscularly with street rabies virus (suspension of salivary glands from naturally infected skunks). Those given the scrapie agent developed clinical signs of weakness, posterior a...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00687775
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glycerol (an atoxic alcohol) and phenol (a toxic monohydroxybenzene) are currently used as neurolytic blocking agents to relieve pain or spasticity. In the present study we compared the endoneurial response of anhydrous glycerol and 7% phenol-aqua after intraneural injection into rat sciatic nerve, using electron micr...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004010000349
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The spinal cord of 20 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 5 patients with lower motor neuron disease (LMND) were investigated immunohistochemically using anti-human excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) and EAAT2 antibodies which are the astrocytic transporters. The purpose of the study was to ...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004019900159
更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::An experiment was designed to examine the course of degeneration, phagocytosis, and regeneration in the central nervous system following surgical deafferentation. The anterior cerebellar vermis was ablated in young male rats. The animals were sacrificed by perfusion at postoperative times ranging from 24 hrs to 6 mont...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00688396
更新日期:1975-12-19 00:00:00
abstract::The microtubule-associated protein tau accumulates as cytoplasmic inclusions in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Pick's disease (PiD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). We investigated the immunoreactivity of tau-positive structures using a panel of antibodies to epitopes spanning the ...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00401-003-0671-8
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intracranial solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are typically dural-based, CD34-positive neoplasms of uncertain histogenesis. We examined ten cases of meninges obtained at autopsy from patients with no history of neurological illness, head trauma, or neurosurgical intervention, and ten cases of typical meningiomas with at...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004010100389
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The intracellular localization of myoglobin(Mb) mRNA in the skeletal muscles of normal subjects and patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS) was examined by in situ hybridization using a biotin-labeled cDNA probe. In cross sections of normal muscles, Mb mRNA signals were dem...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00369442
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nine dogs with canine distemper encephalitis (CDE) were examined with immunological techniques including demonstration of antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV) in the serum and against myelin basic protein (MBP) in serum and in CSF. Mitogen stimulation tests of lymphocytes were also done. The brains were exa...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00691174
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::"Diffuse neurofibrillary tangles with calcification" (DNTC) is a rare form of slowly progressive dementia characterized by temporal or fronto-temporal atrophy with neuronal loss and astrocytosis, neurofibrillary tangles and Fahr-type calcification, but no senile plaques in the cerebral cortex. In patients with DNTC, w...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004010100411
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have studied microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) expression in anterior horn neurons in the cervical and lumbar spinal cords of 19 cases of adult-onset sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) using immunohistochemistry. Specimens from 7 patients without neurological disease served as controls. MAP2 express...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004010050950
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intracerebral C6 glioma xenografts spontaneously develop centrally located necrotic regions that are bordered by densely packed neoplastic cells. Proliferative and metabolic heterogeneity in these perinecrotic regions were assessed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, by immunocytological and by histochemical an...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00401-003-0803-1
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endoneurial cell response and type of nerve fibre damage were studied after perineural injections of 7% phenol-aqua and pure glycerol. Our previous studies have shown that phenol and glycerol induce different types of nerve fibre degeneration after intraneural injections: phenol dissolves axons and Schwann cells insid...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00401-004-0896-1
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations are frequent in astrocytomas, oligoastrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. We previously reported the generation of a mutation-specific antibody that specifically detects R132H mutated IDH1 protein (clone H09). Here, we investigate the feasibility of H09 immunohistochemistry to...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00401-010-0770-2
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::To investigate the pathogenetic role of human T lymphocyte virus type I (HTLV-I) in central nervous system disease, a rat model for HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, designated as HAM rat disease, has been established. Wistar-King-Aptekman-Hokudai strain rats with induced HTLV-I infection deve...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004010050962
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study was undertaken to elucidate morphological changes in the synaptic area of the Purkinje cell dendritic spines when granule cells were decreased in number. The mice were injected s.c. with 30 mg/kg b.w. of cytosine arabinoside on days 2, 3, and 4, and on days 7, 8 and 9, and were designated as group I and gro...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00685343
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Using a fluorescent antibody technique, sections of the brains of patients with senile dementia or Alzheimer's disease containing senile plaques were treated with rabbit antihuman immunoglobulins labelled with FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate, BBL). The senile plaques and the cerebral amyloid angiopathy (drusige Entar...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00689569
更新日期:1975-08-11 00:00:00
abstract::Mutations in the fused in sarcoma (FUS) gene are linked to a form of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), ALS6. The FUS protein is a major component of the ubiquitin-positive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in both ALS6 and some rare forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). The latter are now collec...
journal_title:Acta neuropathologica
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00401-012-0984-6
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00