Abstract：
:Prevalence of zoonotic Mycobacterium bovis (bTB) disease in human population is underreported from the North of Pakistan. Here, we report on the proportion of human bTB disease among the overall TB patients, drug resistance pattern of bTB isolates, and knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP)-based analysis of bTB disease. For this purpose, sputum samples from a total of 300 clinically diagnosed TB patients and 100 randomly selected school children suspected of pulmonary TB were processed by culture as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for isolation, identification, and confirmation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mTB) and bTB species. Isolates of bTB were processed for drug susceptibility tests. Data on KAP regarding TB were obtained on a pretested questionnaire. Sputum-based PCR results indicated that 288/300 (96%) were confirmed as mTB, while 12/300 (4%) were found as bTB diseases. Interestingly, none of the school child was declared positive for either mTB or bTB. Notably, 274/300 (91.3%) positively cultured samples were identified as mTB, 13/300 (4.3%) as bTB, while 5/300 (1.7%) as mixed containing both. Importantly, except one, all of the bTB isolates were found resistant to pyrazinamide. Surprisingly, most of the bTB isolates (~70%) were found resistant to a broad range of first- and second-line anti-TB drugs. SplitsTree and recombination analysis indicated no evidence of intergenic recombination. Finally, residence, occupation, presence of animals at home, and sleeping alongside animals were found significantly associated with occurrence of bTB disease. To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time on the high (4%) burden of bTB disease in human TB patients in Peshawar, Pakistan.
journal_name
Adv Exp Med Bioljournal_title
Advances in experimental medicine and biologyauthors
Khattak I,Mushtaq MH,Ayaz S,Ali S,Sheed A,Muhammad J,Sohail ML,Amanullah H,Ahmad I,Ur Rahman Sdoi
10.1007/5584_2018_170subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-01-01 00:00:00pages
111-126eissn
0065-2598issn
2214-8019journal_volume
1057pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Procedures are presented for growing Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826 on rice, separation of fumonisin B1 (FB1) from fumonisin B2 (FB2), purification of FB1 and preliminary procedures for purification of FB2. The mycotoxins were extracted from rice culture material (RCM) with acetonitrile-water (1:1), filtered, and the ac...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4899-1379-1_10
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Drosophila melanogaster is since decades the most important invertebrate model. With the publishing of the genome sequence, Drosophila also became a pioneer in (neuro)peptide research. Neuropeptides represent a major group of signaling molecules that outnumber all other types of neurotransmitters/modulators and hormon...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4419-6902-6_10
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Methylated endotoxin and Freeman-type polysaccharide each stimulate granulopoiesis and the production of CSF in mice. These same preparations also protect pretreated mice from lethal X-irradiation. The role of CSF in stimulating granulopoiesis in vivo was shown by the ability of anti-CSF to reduce the number of CFUc i...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4684-8914-9_6
更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cancer is a complex multistep disease characterized by a profound genetic instability which leads to the aberrant and uncoordinated expression of several gene products, ultimately leading to the acquisition of a malignant phenotype. The identification of molecules and pathways that contribute to cancer establishment a...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4419-6066-5_6
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pertinent data from the literature and in press is summarised and used to construct a model for the molecular arrangement of lipid and protein in the lamellae of compact central nerve myelin. For the lipid phase of myelin the available data is best interpreted in terms of a bilayer arrangement while physical studies s...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4684-2514-7_17
更新日期：1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The success rate of novel medical entities that are submitted for registration by the regulatory agencies and followed successful marketing has been stagnating for the past decade. Failure in efficacy and safety continue to be the prime hurdles and causes of failure. Translational medicine is a new function within the...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4419-1132-2_1
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The primary filtration of blood occurs in the glomerulus in the kidney. Destruction of any of the layers of the glomerular filtration barrier might result in proteinuric disease. The glomerular endothelial cells and especially its covering layer, the glycocalyx, play a pivotal role in development of albuminuria. One o...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_26
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Virtual imaging, image manipulation and morphometric methods are increasingly used in medicine and the natural sciences. Virtual imaging hardware and image manipulation software allows us to readily visualise, explore, alter, repair and study digital objects. This suite of equipment and tools combined with statistical...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-030-24281-7_6
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As a part of the multi-disciplinary "SELENA-T"-2015 Bed Rest Study, we investigated the pattern of inspiratory muscles fatigue in 22 healthy male subjects during incremental exercise test to exhaustion before and after 21 days of hypokinesia evoked by bed rest. Hypokinesia consisted of head-down bed rest (HDBR) at a m...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/5584_2016_16
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two different neural implementations of support vector machines are described and applied to one-shot trainable pattern recognition. The first model is based on oscillating associative memory and is mapped to the olfactory system. The second model is founded on competitive queuing memory originally employed for genera...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4614-0164-3_16
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Administration of autoantigens, especially via the mucosal route, can induce tolerance under certain circumstances. In autoimmune diabetes, mucosal vaccination with autoantigens was frequently effective in restoring tolerance in mice but has not yet succeeded in humans. Furthermore, in some instances, autoimmunity can...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-0-387-72005-0_34
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To study the kinetic properties of the ATP-dependent actin-myosin sliding responsible for muscle contraction, we developed an in vitro force-movement assay system, in which centrifugal forces were applied to myosin-coated polystyrene beads sliding along actin cables of giant algal cells in the presence of ATP. Under c...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4615-2872-2_34
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Heparin-binding growth factors related to basic fibroblast growth factor are major determinants of the cellular clonal composition of adipose tissue. By providing and maintaining varying complements of preadipocytes in different fat depots, these factors contribute to the varying sizes and functions of different regio...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4615-2910-1_20
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is now well established that carotid bodies are sensory organs for monitoring arterial blood oxygen levels and trigger reflexes that are critical for maintaining homeostasis during hypoxemia. This review article provides a brief account of the early studies leading to the discovery of the carotid body as a sensory ...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-55231-6_1
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reduced Expression in Immortalized Cell (REIC) was cloned by subtractive hybridization method as a gene whose expression is reduced in many human immortalized and neoplastic tumor cells. The REIC, when over-expressed by an adenovirus (Ad-REIC), exhibited a dramatic therapeutic effect on a wide variety of human cancers...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_17
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:T-type Ca(2+) channels are a distinct family of low voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels which serve many roles in different tissues. Several studies have implicated them, for example, in the adaptive responses to chronic hypoxia in the cardiovascular and endocrine systems. Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) was more recently disc...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-18440-1_40
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neural tissue has generally been viewed as resistant to structural changes induced by exogenous factors. Research has shown that the brain responds to changes in diet by altering neurotransmitter synthesis, and by shifting neuroendocrine controls over a variety of physiological events. Animal model research also indic...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4615-3426-6_17
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tryptophan metablolism via kynureninc pathway leads to the formation of several neuroactive substances including kynurenine, anthranilic acid and quinolinic acid, which are involved in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Also chronic renal insufficiency is associated with neurological disturbances but it is still not...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4615-0135-0_20
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intratumoral hypoxia is prevalent in many solid tumors and is a marker of poor clinical prognosis in prostate cancer. The presence of hypoxia is associated with increased chromosomal instability, gene amplification, downregulation of DNA damage repair pathways, and altered sensitivity to agents that damage DNA. These ...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4614-5915-6_9
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of sensory stimulation on the release of amino acids from sensori-motor and visual cortices have been studied using a superfusion technique. Electrical stimulation of the brachial plexus contra-lateral to the superfusion cannula increased significantly the release of glutamate and glutamine from the sensor...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4899-5199-1_15
更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of ∼22nt non-coding RNAs that regulate the translational potential and stability of mRNAs. Though constituting only 1-4% of human genes, miRNAs are predicted to regulate more than 60% of all mRNAs. The action of miRNAs is mediated through their associations with Argonaute proteins and mR...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4614-5107-5_10
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) is an ubiquitous and major mechanism for Ca(2+) influx in mammalian cells with important physiological relevance. Since the discovery of SOCE in 1986 both, the mechanism that communicates the amount of Ca(2+) accumulated in the intracellular Ca(2+) stores to the plasma membrane chann...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_15
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Measurements demonstrating low-frequency underwater sound attenuation using arrays of large, tethered, stationary encapsulated bubbles to surround a sound source were compared with various effective medium models for the acoustic dispersion relationship in bubbly liquids. Good agreement was observed between measuremen...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_73
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this chapter, we intend to review gene therapy concepts applied to the potential treatment of tyrosinemia for parents and pediatricians. Therefore, our main objective is to give general informations in a comprehensible manner. Considering the nature of tyrosinemia and the current state of technology, a particular f...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-55780-9_21
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relation of transcutaneous pO2 (tcpO2) and cutaneous blood flow (CBF) was measured on the forearm of 19 healthy volunteers by use of a tcpO2 electrode heated to 45 degrees C. CBF was estimated indirectly from the heating power of the electrode (HP) and with a 8 MHz bidirectional ultrasonic probe by Doppler shift i...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4613-1927-6_48
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Muscle tissue oxygenation is a critical issue in muscle complications such as pain, exhaustion, stiffness, or fatigue during and after exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the changes of muscle tissue oxygenation could be observed at both erector spinae muscle at S1 level and gastrocnemius during...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-38810-6_43
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Psychiatric disorders are too multifactorial to be defined as a primarily inflammatory disorder, and increased inflammatory response is not specific to mental disorder only. Numerous factors are involved in neuroinflammation, and there also are many confounding variables, making it difficult to obtain consistent outco...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_24
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three experiments were conducted for the present study. First, to elucidate the mechanism and functional significance underlying ischemic vasoconstriction, we investigated the relationship between arteriolar constriction and tissue energy metabolism during bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in gerbils. Second, ...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4939-0620-8_33
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We conducted an epidemiological survey of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella recovered from market-age swine at five different Texas farms. These farms, which were visited between October 1997 and June 1998, were completely integrated, farrow-to-finish operations. Samples were taken from the lymph nodes and cecal con...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4615-4143-1_31
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor (TNFR) superfamily consists of over 20 type-I transmembrane proteins with conserved N-terminal cysteine-rich domains (CRDs) in the extracellular ligand binding region, which are specifically activated by the corresponding superfamily of TNF-like ligands. Members of this recepto...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-0-387-70630-6_8
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
