Abstract：
:Neural circuit function is determined not only by anatomical connections but also by the strength and nature of the connections, that is functional or physiological connectivity. To elucidate functional connectivity, selective stimulation of presynaptic terminals of an identified neuronal population is crucial. However, in the central nervous system, intermingled input fibers make selective electrical stimulation impossible. With optogenetics, this becomes possible, and enables the comprehensive study of functional synaptic connections between an identified population of neurons and defined postsynaptic targets to determine the functional connectome. By stimulating convergent synaptic inputs impinging on individual postsynaptic neurons, low frequency and small amplitude synaptic connections can be detected. Further, the optogenetic approach enables the measurement of cotransmission and its relative strength. Recently, optogenetic methods have been more widely used to study synaptic connectivity and revealed novel synaptic connections and revised connectivity of known projections. In this chapter, I focus on functional synaptic connectivity in the striatum, the main input structure of the basal ganglia, involved in the motivated behavior, cognition, and motor control, and its disruption in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders.
journal_name
Adv Exp Med Bioljournal_title
Advances in experimental medicine and biologyauthors
Chuhma Ndoi
10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_27subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2021-01-01 00:00:00pages
417-428eissn
0065-2598issn
2214-8019journal_volume
1293pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Marijuana cannabinoid receptors (CBR), CB1 and CB2, are G protein-coupled receptors reported to be expressed in brain as well as cells of the periphery. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are reported to express CBR mRNA with CB2 expression higher than CB1 and expression in B cells higher than other cell...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/0-306-47611-8_27
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The PI3K signalling pathway is crucial to normal B cell development and response to antigen. The p1108 catalytic subunit plays an important and non-redundant role within this pathway although other catalytic isoforms may also contribute. Although CD40, TLR and cytokines all activate PI3K the BCR seems especially depen...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-0-387-79311-5_5
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inorganic lead ion, in micromolar concentrations, reversibly inhibits the sodium-plus-potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) and potassium-activated p-nitrophenylphosphatase (NPPase) activities of microsomal fractions from electric organ, rat kidney, and rat brain. In the presence of 3 mM MgC12 and 3 mM ...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4684-3279-4_21
更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Accumulation of L-kynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA) occurs in the monocyte-derived cells following immune stimulation, and may derive from L-tryptophan following induction of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase. In the present study, we evaluate the possibility that 3HAA acts as an endogenous inducer of monocyte...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4615-4709-9_69
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Overpopulation of selected groups of animals is widely recognised as an issue that can have adverse effects on several current global problems, such as animal and human health, conservation and environmental changes. This review will, therefore, focus on recent novel contraception together with future technologies tha...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4939-0820-2_18
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CA19-9 (carbohydrate antigen 19-9, also called cancer antigen 19-9 or sialylated Lewis a antigen) is the most commonly used and best validated serum tumor marker for pancreatic cancer diagnosis in symptomatic patients and for monitoring therapy in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Normally synthesized by normal...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_15
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:For the select fortunate recipients of organ transplants, transplantation affords the rare opportunity for a new life. Given the scarcity of organs for transplantation, it is imperative that the health of transplant recipients be optimized in order to fully benefit from this gift of life. Unfortunately, hypertension i...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/5584_2016_87
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of cell fusion has been applied to the development of immunotherapy cancer vaccines. This has typically involved the fusion of dendritic cells and tumor cells. The resultant hybrid uses the specialized antigen presentation properties supplied by the dendritic cell fusion partner to present tumor antigens, both...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-94-007-0763-4_11
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this chapter, we mainly discuss the expression and function of aquaporins (AQPs ) expressed in digestive system . AQPs in gastrointestinal tract include four members of aquaporin subfamily: AQP1, AQP4, AQP5 and AQP8, and a member of aquaglyceroporin subfamily: AQP3. In the digestive glands, especially the liver, we...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-94-024-1057-0_8
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The process of insulin release evoked by D-glucose and other nutrient secretagogues is triggered by an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ activity. However, some other insulinotropic agents may stimulate insulin release at a close-to-basal concentration of cytosolic ionized calcium. The control of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4684-5754-4_20
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The oral microbiota represents an important part of the human microbiota, and includes several hundred to several thousand diverse species. It is a normal part of the oral cavity and has an important function to protect against colonization of extrinsic bacteria which could affect systemic health. On the other hand, t...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-31248-4_4
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The role of adjuvanticity in the modification of the immune induction was studied by separate application of antigen and adjuvant in mice. An antigen specific plaque forming cell (PFC) test and a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) assay were used for these studies. Antigen (SRBC) and adjuvant were applied separately ...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4613-2463-8_57
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Peroxisomopathies are rare diseases due to dysfunctions of the peroxisome in which this organelle is either absent or with impaired activities. These diseases, at the exception of type I hyperoxaluria and acatalasaemia, affect the central and peripheral nervous system. Due to the significant impact of peroxisomal abno...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_8
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The major central part of elastic ligaments is constituted by longitudinally orientated elastic fibres, each surrounded by a sheath of spirally orientated collagen fibrils with an intervening thin layer of microfibrils. In the terminal region of such ligaments the orientation of the collagen fibrils is longitudinal an...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4684-9093-0_9
更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:IFN-gamma is the most effective principle responsible for IDO induction in human cells in vitro. Lymphocyte factors support the effect of other IFN species. Induction of IDO and influence of various factors on IDO is correlated to pteridine synthesis. Cooperative effects of several mediators may account for in vivo ob...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4684-5952-4_55
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The metabolic properties of cancer cells have been widely accepted as a hallmark of cancer for a number of years and have shown to be of critical importance in tumour development. It is generally accepted that tumour cells exhibit a more glycolytic phenotype than normal cells. In this study, we investigate the bioener...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4939-3023-4_32
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the past decades, there has been increased awareness that mechanical properties of tissues and cells are closely associated with disease physiology and pathology. Recognizing this importance, Brillouin spectroscopy instrumentation, already utilized in physics and material science, has been adopted for cell and tiss...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-95294-9_16
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An arginine-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase activity was detected in chicken spleen membrane fraction using a capillary electrophoresis assay and the activity was extracted by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C but not by 1 M NaCl or 1% Triton X-100. The enzyme protein was purified from chicken spleen membr...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4419-8632-0_30
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Erythropoietin producing cells were identified in the murine hypoxic kidney by in situ hybridization. The positive cells were peritubular cells, most likely endothelial cells of the cortex and outer medulla. Glomerular and tubular cells were not labelled. In three patients with renal adenocarcinomas associated with po...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4613-0623-8_8
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In summary, intermittent, low dose methotrexate treatment is: 1.) antiinflammatory in the murine air pouch model of inflammation; 2.) selectively increases intracellular AICAR concentration; 3.) increases adenosine concentration in an inflammatory exudate; and, 4.) inhibits leukocyte accumulation at an inflamed site b...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4615-2584-4_89
更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Achromatopsia (ACHM) is caused by a progressive loss of cone photoreceptors leading to color blindness and poor visual acuity. Animal studies and human clinical trials have shown that gene replacement therapy with adeno-associate virus (AAV) is a viable treatment option for this disease. Although there have been succe...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_87
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Multichain immune recognitionreceptors (MIRRs) represent a family of surfacereceptors expressed on different cells of the hematopoietic system and function to transduce signals leading to a variety of biologic responses. The most intriguing and distinct structural feature ofMIRR family members is that extracellular re...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-0-387-09789-3_12
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Proteoglycans consist of a protein core to which at least one glycosaminoglycan chain is attached. They play important roles in the physiology and biomechanical function of tendons, ligaments and cardiovascular system through their involvement in regulation of assembly and maintenance of extracellular matrix, and as t...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-94-007-7893-1_4
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by an acute event, typically with encephalopathy, in which diffuse CNS involvement occurs. It may follow an infectious event and occurs more commonly in young children. Pulse steroid treatment is frequently used...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-1-4614-0653-2_1
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This book highlights contributions from leaders in the field of sigma receptor research. Sigma receptors represent a promising, novel target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, retinal degenerations, pain and substance abuse. Information is presented about tracers for molecular imaging these receptors, th...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-50174-1_1
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly important cause of chronic liver disease globally. Similar to metabolic syndrome and obesity, NAFLD is associated with alternations in the gut microbiota and its related biological pathways. While the exact pathophysiology of NAFLD remains largely unknown, c...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-981-10-8684-7_9
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vitamin D levels and metabolism may play a role in the pathogenesis and treatment of atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular health. Herein, we discuss both normal and disordered vitamin D metabolism as it pertains to atherosclerosis, and we review major clinical trials regarding vitamin D levels and effects of ...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_15
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The heat shock response (HSR) is characterized by the induction of molecular chaperones following a sudden increase in temperature. In eukaryotes, the HSR comprises the set of genes controlled by the transcription factor Hsf1. The HSR is induced by defects in co-translational protein folding, ribosome biogenesis, orga...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-3-030-40204-4_3
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:TRPV5 and TRPV6 are unique members of the TRP super family. They are highly selective for Ca(2+) ions with multiple layers of Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation mechanisms, expressed at the apical membrane of Ca(2+) transporting epithelia, and robustly responsive to 1,25-dihydroxivitamin D(3). These features are well suite...
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/978-94-007-0265-3_14
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study investigated the increase in gastric acid secretion induced by intravenous administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG; 60 mg kg-1), insulin (5 U kg-1) or by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve (1 mA, 1 ms, 3 Hz) in urethane-anesthetized rats pretreated when newborn with either capsaicin or the vehicle....
journal_title：Advances in experimental medicine and biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/978-1-4899-0744-8_27
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
