Abstract:
:Natural killer (NK) cells are a subpopulation of lymphocytes, with azurophilic granules in their cytoplasm, that have spontaneous cytotoxicity against a variety of tumor cells, virus-infected cells, and some normal cells in the bone marrow and thymus. When lymphocytes are cultured in the presence of interleukin 2 (IL 2), strong cytotoxic reactivity develops and it has been difficult to determine clearly the relationship of these effector cells to NK cells. Much recent insight has been gained regarding the mechanism of lysis by NK cells; a central role is played by a cytolytic protein contained within their cytoplasmic granules. NK cells have been shown to be involved in host resistance against the development of tumor metastases and against certain virus infections, which provides a rationale for therapeutic strategies involving augmentation of NK activity.
journal_name
Annu Rev Medjournal_title
Annual review of medicineauthors
Herberman RBdoi
10.1146/annurev.me.37.020186.002023subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1986-01-01 00:00:00pages
347-52eissn
0066-4219issn
1545-326Xjournal_volume
37pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Syncope is a common clinical problem comprising the sudden loss of both consciousness and postural tone, with a subsequent spontaneous and relatively prompt recovery. Often it is difficult to differentiate a true syncopal spell from other conditions, such as seizure disorders, or from some simple accidents. Even more ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.43.020192.001435
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::More than three decades of clinical experience in cardiac transplantation resulted in the spread of the procedure worldwide with a wealth of knowledge and advancements. Developments included liberalization of recipient and donor selection criteria, improved surgical techniques, novel immunosuppressive drugs and protoc...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.57.082704.130518
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Advances in our knowledge of the physiology of pain transmission and modulation have created new surgical options for the control of chronic pain. The pain modulation network can be activated by administration of spinal opiates or by electrical stimulation of the nervous system with transcutaneous, peripheral nerve, s...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.44.020193.001431
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited heart disease characterized by fibrofatty replacement of the ventricular myocardium, a high risk of ventricular arrhythmias, and progressive ventricular dysfunction. The clinical course is highly variable, and optimal approaches to management remai...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-041217-010932
更新日期:2019-01-27 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding a tumor's detailed molecular profile has become increasingly necessary to deliver the standard of care for patients with advanced cancer. Innovations in both tumor genomic sequencing technology and the development of drugs that target molecular alterations have fueled recent gains in genome-driven oncolo...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-062016-050343
更新日期:2018-01-29 00:00:00
abstract::All potent CNS depressant drugs can depress cardiac function in man in a dose-dependent manner. The dose-effect curve is considerably flatter with several drugs (diethyl ether, cyclopropane, fluroxene, isoflurane, and ketamine), presumably from sympathetic nervous-system activation. Potent analgesics and tranquilizers...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.28.020177.000451
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cystic diseases of the kidney are common, often progressive disorders. The best of several alternative hypotheses to explain their development cites tubular dilation and compression of adjacent tissue. The initiating event may involve focal proliferation of epithelial cells and a consequent increase in the resistance ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.39.020188.001153
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a syndrome observed after allogeneic marrow transplantation and presumably mediated by donor T lymphocytes reactive against the tissues of the recipient. Clinically relevant acute GVHD develops in 35-50% of patients given HLA-identical marrow grafts within the first 100 days of tran...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.35.020184.000303
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In vitro coculture studies of normal T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, or monocytes with human hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) suggest a potential role for immune cells in the regulation of hematopoiesis. In some patients with severe aplastic anemia or selective pure red cell, white cell, or megakaryocyte...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.38.020187.000425
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Overdoses of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) leave no doubt that TCA drugs at high concentrations have serious cardiac effects. It has been assumed that, to a lesser extent, these effects will occur at usual therapeutic concentration. Recent prospective, plasma-level-controlled studies have improved our understanding...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.35.020184.002443
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the practice of internal medicine, the value of genetic testing in common (mono)genetic diseases such as familial hemochromatosis, hypercholesterolemia, Mediterranean fever, and thrombophilia is limited. The genotype insufficiently predicts the phenotype because of the powerful effects of other modifying genes, env...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.60.103007.132540
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Major inhalational anesthetics cause inhibition in the electron transport chain in the region of Complex I resulting in decreased oxygen utilization, inhibition of metabolism of NAD-linked substrates, but not of succinate, inhibition of mitochondrial calcium uptake, and depression of synaptic transmission because of p...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.26.020175.002135
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The standard of care for the evaluation of axillary nodal involvement remains complete lymph node dissection. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy are changing this long-held paradigm; indeed, several leading institutions already reserve complete axillary dissection for patients with metastasis to th...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.525
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) are best classified as typical or atypical. The distinction is based solely on their ability to cause extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), including tardive dyskinesia (TD). The two classes differ in mechanism of action, with atypical APDs providing important modulation of serotonergic neurotr...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-050911-161504
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Our understanding of the role of the immune system in modulating glomerular injury continues to evolve. The participation of antibody, complement, and neutrophils alone cannot completely explain many aspects of the pathways of experimental and human glomerulonephritis. The elements of the immune system that mediate ce...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.42.020191.000325
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The primary or hereditary form of distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), although rare, has received increased attention recently because of dramatic advances in the understanding of its genetic basis. The final regulation of renal acid excretion is effected by various acid/base transporters localized in specialized ce...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.52.1.471
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a syndrome seen in patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis. It is characterized by chronic colonization of the airways with a ubiquitous fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus. The clinical expression of ABPA results from the complex interaction of chronic colonization of the ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.50.1.303
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The HIV Prevention Trials Network 052 study (HPTN 052) was a clinical trial designed to determine whether early treatment for HIV infection prevented transmission of the virus in couples where one partner was infected with HIV and the other was not, referred to as HIV serodiscordant or serodifferent couples. The study...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-110918-034551
更新日期:2020-01-27 00:00:00
abstract::States of hypersecretion of PTH may occur primarily, or in response to other physiologic abnormalities. Primary hyperparathyroidism must be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia, nephrolithiasis, metabolic bone disease, and pancreatitis and peptic-ulcer disease. The clinical manifestations of this ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.28.020177.000551
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry into target cells is a multistep process involving the interaction of viral envelope proteins with cell surface receptors. Binding to CD4 is followed by engagement of specific chemokine receptors (CCR5 or CXCR4), triggering molecular rearrangements in the envelope tran...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.58.080105.102908
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although safe and effective agents are currently available to treat osteoporosis, fragility fractures remain a significant problem worldwide. Recent improvements in the understanding of the cellular, biochemical, and molecular pathways of bone biology have led to the development of newer agents to treat osteoporosis, ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-061709-145401
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiac late potentials are observed by using a high-resolution, computer-processed ECG that can detect very low-level signals not seen with standard ECG techniques. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated that patients with low-level signals after the QRS complexes (late potentials) are at much higher risk of ven...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.43.020192.001105
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thyroid cancer is rapidly increasing in incidence, but the mortality rate remains flat. Debate has arisen over the need to detect or treat most thyroid cancers early, given their favorable natural history. The appropriate extent of surgery for thyroid cancer is also controversial: some researchers advocate partial and...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-061512-105739
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Organ preservation is the supply line for organ transplantation. Currently, the liver, pancreas, and kidney can be successfully preserved for up to two days by flushing the organs with the University of Wisconsin (UW) organ preservation solution and storing them at hypothermia (0-5 degree C). The UW solution is effect...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.46.1.235
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::New insights into atherosclerosis, the most common disease affecting coronary arteries, may change therapeutic strategies from largely symptomatic to causal. Atherosclerotic plaques contain a lipid-related, immune-mediated inflammation, with release of secretory products capable of changing plaque morphology. Plaques ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.52.1.289
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::GnRH and its analogues have led to exciting new avenues of therapy in virtually every subspecialty of internal medicine as well as in gynecology, pediatrics, and urology. Since their discovery in 1971, it has been demonstrated that GnRH and its analogues enable medical professionals to influence the hypothalamic-pitui...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.45.1.391
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The International HapMap Project produced a genome-wide database of human genetic variation for use in genetic association studies of common diseases. The initial output of these studies has been overwhelming, with over 150 risk loci identified in studies of more than 60 common diseases and traits. These associations ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.60.061907.093117
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incretin-based therapies, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs, are important new classes of therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These agents prolong the action of the incretin hormones, GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), by inhibi...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-050214-013431
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has risen dramatically over the past three decades in western countries. The importance of Barrett's esophagus (BE) derives from its potential to transform to adenocarcinoma. BE is characterized by endoscopically recognized displacement of the squamocolumnar junction pr...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.59.061206.112706
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Airway hyperresponsiveness to a large number of stimuli is a characteristic of asthma in humans. Various components of the tracheobronchial tree might contribute to this characteristic, such as smooth muscle, the bronchial epithelium, various neurohumoral mechanisms, and the mechanical linkages between the lung parenc...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.42.020191.001035
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00