Abstract:
:The findings in a highly selected group of patients, such as those attending clinics or sanatoria, cannot be used as the basis for assessing the true prevalence of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with acquired or primary resistance or of sensitive strains in a community. The present report describes the prevalence of such strains as found in 3 successive surveys in a sizeable random sample of villages in a South Indian district. Changes in the status of cases with such strains from an earlier survey to a later one and the status at an earlier round of cases found at a later one are also described.The prevalence of tuberculous infection among household contacts of cases with acquired resistance to isoniazid was significantly higher than that among contacts of cases with primary resistance or of those with sensitive cultures. This is probably due to the longer duration of sputum positivity of the former at the time of diagnosis. But infectivity, as judged by the incidence of new infections among household contacts, was generally less for cases with acquired or primary resistance than for cases with sensitive cultures, though the difference was not statistically significant.A large number of culture-positive cases, especially those with primary resistance, had no radiological evidence of active pulmonary tuberculosis. The prevalence of primary resistance was very high among certain categories of cases, and the differences between cases with primary resistance and those with acquired resistance were many and large. It is suggested that this could be due to some of the primary resistant cultures being those of atypical mycobacteria, despite positivity in the niacin test.There was a significant increase in the number of cases with acquired resistance to isoniazid at the third survey round owing to irregular treatment with that drug after the second round. The prevalence of primary resistance at the 3 rounds was almost the same.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Narain R,Chandrasekhar P,Satyanarayanachar RA,Lal Psubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1968-01-01 00:00:00pages
681-99issue
5eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604journal_volume
39pub_type
杂志文章abstract:OBJECTIVE:To understand better the current regional situation and public health response to cervical cancer and female breast cancer in the Americas. METHODS:Data on cervical cancer and female breast cancers in 33 countries, for the period from 2000 to the last year with available data, were extracted from the Pan Ame...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.12.116699
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A double-blind, randomized phase I clinical trial was carried out to compare mefloquine with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for safety and tolerance. Twenty adult male Brazilian subjects from areas endemic for malaria were studied for a period of 66 days, which included 2 days of basal studies and a 63-day follow-up after ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare the efficacy of seven pyrethroid insecticides for impregnation of mosquito nets, six currently recommended by WHO and one candidate (bifenthrin), under laboratory conditions. METHODS:Tests were conducted using pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant strains of Anopheles gambiae and Culex q...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine the use of contraception in 13 countries in sub-Saharan Africa; to assess changes in met need for contraception associated with wealth-related inequity; and to describe the relationship between the use of long-term versus short-term contraceptive methods and a woman's fertility intentions and house...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.10.083329
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in Bangladesh using national survey data and to identify risk factors. METHODS:Sociodemographic and anthropometric data and data on blood pressure and blood glucose levels were obtained for 7541 adults aged 35 years or more from the biomarker sample of t...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.13.128371
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer of the uterine cervix is a global problem. It is the most common cancer in women in developing countries and is the second most common cancer in women worldwide, with approximately half a million new cases each year. It is strongly linked with an early onset of sexual activity and multiple sexual partners; rece...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study is devoted to a general discussion of the role of bacteriophagy in cholera. The author examines early and late observations, indicating that a new epoch in the history of the subject began in 1927, when large-scale investigations on cholera bacteriophagy were started in India. The main results are set out u...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Up-to-date information is given on the epidemiological situation of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in nine Mediterranean countries, and on drug regimens adopted in the management of ZVL patients in each country. Results of experimental and clinical trials on the efficacy and tolerability of liposomal amphoteric...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In China, alcohol consumption is increasing faster than anywhere else in the world. A steady increase in alcohol production has also been observed in the country, together with a rise in alcohol-related harm. Despite these trends, China's policies on the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages are weak compared wi...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.12.107318
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::As a basis for considering the forms and patterns of national committees on vital and health statistics in the future, the author first discusses the six main objectives of national systems of those statistics. Turning then to the aims of the national committees themselves, he observes that such is the variety of stat...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1954-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::About 30 million people in Africa are estimated to be living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), yet data about the natural history of infection on the continent are sparse. We reviewed the literature on the natural history of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections among African adult...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::After the mass vaccination of children of susceptible age groups in Japan in 1961, the incidence of poliomyelitis decreased markedly. From 1962 to 1968 a total of 659 paralytic cases were officially notified. Detailed investigations of 626 cases reported to the Poliomyelitis Surveillance Committee revealed that only 1...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1973-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Twenty-five strains of poliomyelitis virus isolated from paralytic cases in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany were classified either by testing resistance of immunized monkeys, or by neutralization. Seventeen strains (68%) were classified as type 1, 7 (28%) as type 2, and 1 (4%) as type 3. Strains of type 2 are pr...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1953-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine how much influenza contributes to severe acute respiratory illness (SARI), a leading cause of death in children, among people of all ages in Bangladesh. METHODS:Physicians obtained nasal and throat swabs to test for influenza virus from patients who were hospitalized within 7 days of the onset o...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.11.090209
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The haemagglutination-inhibition test has been used to assess the frequency of arbovirus infections in the population of Ceylon, by age-group, and also in some animals. The antigens used were: chikungunya, JE, dengue 1, 2, 3, 4, and Tahyna.The percentage of positive reactors to the group-B viruses ranged from 16.3% to...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1969-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::More than 1300 compounds have so far been included in the WHO Programme for Evaluating and Testing New Insecticides, which is designed to disclose compounds that may satisfactorily replace those to which insect vectors of disease have become resistant. The authors describe the successful passage of o-isopropoxyphenyl ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1969-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous studies have shown that when mice and monkeys are infected with bovine schistosomes they develop a considerable degree of heterologous immunity against subsequent challenge with Schistosoma mansoni. The present report describes a study on the reverse effect in which calves were first exposed to cercariae of S...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PROBLEM:In many countries, the tuberculosis (TB) annual case detection rate is below the target of 70%. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic in 2005, it did not exceed 55% APPROACH:The DOTS strategy promotes passive case detection of TB. In order to increase the detection rate, we validated a questionnaire targetin...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.06.038539
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves distributing resources, especially human resources for health (HRH), to match population needs. This paper explores the policy lessons on HRH from four countries that have achieved sustained improvements in UHC: Brazil, Ghana, Mexico and Thailand. Its purpose is to in...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.13.118729
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:PROBLEM:Acute diarrhoeal diseases and acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the most common causes of child mortality worldwide. Safe, effective and inexpensive solutions are available for prevention and control, but they do not reach needy communities. APPROACH:Interventions based on research were designed to train...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.09.065649
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The clinical manifestations of acute poisoning by organophosphorus compounds in man are in accord with, initially, the stimulation and, later, the blocking of cholinergic transmission due to acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The manifestations involve mainly the para-sympathetic nerves, the neuromuscular junctions, and...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Venereal diseases are known to occur most frequently in the age-groups of greatest sexual activity and more frequently among people in certain occupations (e.g., migrant labourers, military personnel and seafarers) than among the general population. The Brussels Agreement of 1924 and the great improvements in conditio...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1963-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Four points are made about globalization and health. First, economic integration is a powerful force for raising the incomes of poor countries. In the past 20 years several large developing countries have opened up to trade and investment, and they are growing well--faster than the rich countries. Second, there is no ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This identification key has been prepared to enable field workers in eastern and centra Africa to identify the species and subspecies of snails acting as intermediate hosts of various flukes causing bilharziasis and related diseases in man and his domestic stock.The area covered by the key is eastern Africa from the S...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1962-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immunity in meningococcal diseases has been inadequately studied and, until now, most attempts at serotherapy and immunization against meningococcal meningitis have been unsuccessful. To ascertain the status of immunity among children at greatest risk of contracting the disease, 267 serum specimens from healthy childr...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors present the results of a study carried out to determine the efficacy of chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-salt mixtures as a suppressive against sporozoite-induced vivax malaria (Chesson strain). The test subjects used in this study were volunteers of military age in the US Penitentiary at Atlanta, Ga. The su...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1958-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the course of a research project on atherosclerosis, an international group of pathologists studied lesions in the aorta and coronary arteries obtained at autopsy from 3174 subjects from Czechoslovakia, Sweden and the USSR in an effort to determine what factors, recognizable in life, might be used to predict the pr...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1965-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:To analyse and improve the Namibian maternity care system by implementing maternal near-miss surveillance during 1 October 2018 and 31 March 2019, and identifying the challenges and benefits of such data collection. Methods:From the results of an initial feasibility study, we adapted the World Health Organiz...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.20.251371
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A survey of the sandfly population of Iran was conducted in the interests of providing further knowledge of the biology of these vectors of leishmaniasis, sandfly fever and kalaazar. The search for specimens was carried out in the Tabriz, Sarab, Caspian Sea, Teheran and Kazerun areas, both inside buildings and in natu...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1961-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the global cost of establishing and operating the educational and refractive care facilities required to provide care to all individuals who currently have vision impairment resulting from uncorrected refractive error (URE). METHODS:The global cost of correcting URE was estimated using data on th...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.12.104034
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00