Abstract：
:Acute diarrhea in adults is a common problem encountered by family physicians. The most common etiology is viral gastroenteritis, a self-limited disease. Increases in travel, comorbidities, and foodborne illness lead to more bacteria-related cases of acute diarrhea. A history and physical examination evaluating for risk factors and signs of inflammatory diarrhea and/or severe dehydration can direct any needed testing and treatment. Most patients do not require laboratory workup, and routine stool cultures are not recommended. Treatment focuses on preventing and treating dehydration. Diagnostic investigation should be reserved for patients with severe dehydration or illness, persistent fever, bloody stool, or immunosuppression, and for cases of suspected nosocomial infection or outbreak. Oral rehydration therapy with early refeeding is the preferred treatment for dehydration. Antimotility agents should be avoided in patients with bloody diarrhea, but loperamide/simethicone may improve symptoms in patients with watery diarrhea. Probiotic use may shorten the duration of illness. When used appropriately, antibiotics are effective in the treatment of shigellosis, campylobacteriosis, Clostridium difficile, traveler's diarrhea, and protozoal infections. Prevention of acute diarrhea is promoted through adequate hand washing, safe food preparation, access to clean water, and vaccinations.
journal_name
Am Fam Physicianjournal_title
American family physicianauthors
Barr W,Smith Asubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-02-01 00:00:00pages
180-9issue
3eissn
0002-838Xissn
1532-0650pii
d11255journal_volume
89pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:During the past decade, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis has emerged as a successful alternative to hemodialysis in the treatment of chronic renal failure. Performed continuously, peritoneal dialysis achieves total transfer comparable to hemodialysis and removes peptides faster. Studies have shown that surviv...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Most side effects of oral contraceptives can be attributed to an excess or a deficiency of estrogen or progestin. Knowledge of the relative amounts of estrogen and progestin in the available preparations permits a rational adjustment of dosage if side effects occur. With this information, nearly every woman who wants ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Because of the increasing popularity of recreational scuba diving, primary care physicians should be familiar with common diving injuries. One form of barotrauma, middle ear squeeze, is the most common diving injury. Other important diving injuries include inner ear barotrauma and pulmonary barotrauma. Arterial gas em...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prompt diagnosis of problems in the first trimester of pregnancy is facilitated by ultrasound scanning and quantitative serum human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone testing. When used appropriately, these tests can determine whether a patient has a normal early pregnancy, a miscarriage, a missed abortion, an ec...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Physicians can create their own personal formulary by rigorously selecting and regularly using one or two drugs for each clinical condition they commonly encounter. The primary and secondary medical literature provides the necessary information to create this formulary. Primary literature sources include peer-reviewed...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiac pacemakers are generally used in conditions where bradyarrhythmia is a major problem, such as advanced heart block, sick sinus syndrome and bundle branch block. Temporary or permanent pacing may be needed to control certain tachyarrhythmias refractory to medical therapy. Temporary pacing may be of value in the...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many normal children have heart murmurs, but most children do not have heart disease. An appropriate history and a properly conducted physical examination can identify children at increased risk for significant heart disease. Pathologic causes of systolic murmurs include atrial and ventricular septal defects, pulmonar...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although early management of children with hearing loss is extremely important, diagnosis is often delayed because the development of hearing-impaired children parallels that of normal infants until the age of nine months. A high-risk registry aids in recognition of hearing-impaired children, but fails to identify tho...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Apophyseal injuries, which are unique in the adolescent athlete, cause inflammation at the site of a major tendinous insertion onto a growing bony prominence. These injuries typically occur in active adolescents between the ages of eight and 15 years and usually present as periarticular pain associated with growth, sk...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The blood sample for phenylketonuria (PKU) screening should be obtained at least 12 hours after the infant's birth. Newborn screening for PKU has largely eliminated mental retardation caused by this disease. If the first phenylalanine test demonstrates positive results, a repeat test should be performed. Treatment to ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To complement the 2005 Annual Clinical Focus on medical genomics, AFP is publishing a series of short reviews on genetic syndromes. This series was designed to increase awareness of these diseases so that family physicians can recognize and diagnose children with these disorders and understand the kind of care they mi...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Disorders of puberty can profoundly impact physical and psychosocial well-being. Precocious puberty is pubertal onset before eight years of age in girls and before nine years of age in boys. Patients with early isolated pubertal changes, prepubertal linear growth, and no worrisome neurologic symptoms typically have a ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Risk factors for stroke should be evaluated in patients who have had a transient ischemic attack. Blood pressure, lipid levels, and diabetes mellitus should be controlled. When applicable, smoking cessation and weight loss also are important. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy may help prevent stroke. Asp...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, accounting for approximately 6,000 deaths per year in the United States. It is more common in women who are older, white, affluent obese and of low parity. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are also predisposing factors. Because any condition that increase...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nitrous oxide analgesia is a safe alternative to parenteral narcotics for outpatient surgical procedures. This type of analgesia is effective, well tolerated by most age groups, easily administered, rapidly reversible and associated with a low incidence of serious side effects. Hypoxia can be prevented by using fail-s...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The best condoms are made of latex, are lubricated and coated with a spermicide, and have a reservoir tip. Condoms can protect against conception and sexually transmitted diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. When condoms are used properly and in combination with vaginal spermicidal foam, the contrac...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Appendicitis is one of the most common causes of acute abdominal pain in adults and children, with a lifetime risk of 8.6% in males and 6.7% in females. It is the most common nonobstetric surgical emergency during pregnancy. Findings from the history, physical examination, and laboratory studies aid in the diagnosis o...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inguinal and femoral hernias are the most common conditions for which primary care physicians refer patients for surgical management. Hernias usually present as swelling accompanied by pain or a dragging sensation in the groin. Most hernias can be diagnosed based on the history and clinical examination, but ultrasonog...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Menstrual patterns can be an indicator of overall health and self-perception of well-being. Primary amenorrhea, defined as the lifelong absence of menses, requires evaluation if menarche has not occurred by 15 years of age or three years post-thelarche. Secondary amenorrhea is characterized by cessation of previously ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A biopsychosocial theory and approach to drug-seeking behavior suggests new questions for the family physician to ask his patient when psychotropic drugs are being considered. The theory and rational guidelines for prescribing allow the physician to make more appropriate decisions when faced with difficult situations....
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite an 80 to 90 percent success rate in removing common bile duct stones, this technique has yet to receive universal acceptance in the United States. Originally developed for retained or newly formed common bile duct stones in patients with previous cholecystectomy, the procedure is now also used to remove common...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1981-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The clinical course is highly variable. The chance of recurrence is about 60 percent. Patients are infectious when lesions are present and, to a lesser extent, when asymptomatic virus shedding occurs. The chain of transmission can be difficult to ascertain. Transmission to the neonate is the most feared complication. ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Eating disorders are potentially life-threatening conditions characterized by disordered eating and weight-control behaviors that impair physical health and psychosocial functioning. Early intervention may decrease the risk of long-term pathology and disability. Clinicians should interpret disordered eating and body i...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Superficial bursitis most often occurs in the olecranon and prepatellar bursae. Less common locations are the superficial infrapatellar and subcutaneous (superficial) calcaneal bursae. Chronic microtrauma (e.g., kneeling on the prepatellar bursa) is the most common cause of superficial bursitis. Other causes include a...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2017-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Skin laceration repair is an important skill in family medicine. Sutures, tissue adhesives, staples, and skin-closure tapes are options in the outpatient setting. Physicians should be familiar with various suturing techniques, including simple, running, and half-buried mattress (corner) sutures. Although suturing is t...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2008-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Recognition of the allergic individual is facilitated by an awareness of certain characteristic actions and various facial lesions which may be clues to other allergic problems. A gaping expression, clearing of the throat and rubbing or mashing of the eyes and nose may indicate significant rhinitis. Dark circles and b...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1977-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Melanoma is an increasingly common malignancy, and it affects a younger population than most cancers. Risk factors for melanoma include white race, sun sensitivity, family history of melanoma, and melanocytic nevi. Sunburn and intermittent sun exposure appear to increase the risk of developing melanoma. The role of po...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2005-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Herpes zoster ophthalmicus occurs when the varicella-zoster virus is reactivated in the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus represents up to one fourth of all cases of herpes zoster. Most patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus present with a periorbital vesicular rash distributed ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Growth plate or physeal injuries are classified according to the zones of the physis that are affected and the disruption of bony structure. All physeal injuries should be reduced anatomically, particularly when an articular surface is involved. Inability to restore normal configuration can result in malunion, incongr...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Synovial cell sarcoma frequently presents as a painful periarticular mass in the lower extremity of a young male patient. The mass may appear encapsulated and is calcified in approximately 50 percent of cases. Surgery is the mainstay of therapy, with radical resection often necessary to prevent local recurrence. The m...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-04-01 00:00:00
