Abstract:
:The worldwide emergence of antibiotic resistances and the drying up of the antibiotic pipeline have spurred a search for alternative or complementary antibacterial therapies. Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses that have been used for almost a century to combat bacterial infections, particularly in Poland and the former Soviet Union. The antibiotic crisis has triggered a renewed clinical and agricultural interest in bacteriophages. This, combined with new scientific insights, has pushed bacteriophages to the forefront of the search for new approaches to fighting bacterial infections. But before bacteriophage therapy can be introduced into clinical practice in the European Union, several challenges must be overcome. One of these is the conceptualization and classification of bacteriophage therapy itself and the extent to which it constitutes a human medicinal product regulated under the European Human Code for Medicines (Directive 2001/83/EC). Can therapeutic products containing natural bacteriophages be categorized under the current European regulatory framework, or should this framework be adapted? Various actors in the field have discussed the need for an adapted (or entirely new) regulatory framework for the reintroduction of bacteriophage therapy in Europe. This led to the identification of several characteristics specific to natural bacteriophages that should be taken into consideration by regulators when evaluating bacteriophage therapy. One important consideration is whether bacteriophage therapy development occurs on an industrial scale or a hospital-based, patient-specific scale. More suitable regulatory standards may create opportunities to improve insights into this promising therapeutic approach. In light of this, we argue for the creation of a new, dedicated European regulatory framework for bacteriophage therapy.
journal_name
Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)journal_title
Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalisauthors
Verbeken G,Pirnay JP,Lavigne R,Jennes S,De Vos D,Casteels M,Huys Idoi
10.1007/s00005-014-0269-ysubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-04-01 00:00:00pages
117-29issue
2eissn
0004-069Xissn
1661-4917journal_volume
62pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Outer membrane proteins (OMP) isolated from Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella typhimurium were tested for their protective activity. Each OMP preparate given to mice intraperitoneally in a single injection (5 micrograms/per mouse) protected the animals not only in homologous but also...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A modified nitrobluetetrazolium test (NBT) was used to study 114 blood samples from calves, beginning from the birth to the 21-st day of life. The calves came from two farms with different breeding conditions. The absolute number of granulocytes with the ability to reduce NBT ranged between 0-9737. Comparison of mean ...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Various strains of Beauveria bassiana were cultivated in submerged cultures and examined for their abilities to produce beauvericin, cyclodepsipeptide antibiotic displaying antibacterial and insecticidal properties. It has been found that among twenty four strains of Beauveria bassiana only three produced beauvericin....
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Crude burn toxin was obtained from human skin scalded for 1 min at 90 degrees C in vitro. The toxin solubilized with 8 M urea was administered to rabbits to obtain antiserum. The antigenic analysis carried out by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated that urea-extractable toxin solution differed from ...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biofilms are probably one of the most common structures formed by microorganisms in various environments. The higher resistance of such microbial communities to stress conditions, including antibiotics and host immune response, is recently extensively studied. However, the weak activity of phagocytic cells against mic...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00005-013-0240-3
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A recent study suggested that neuroinflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Although the precise mechanism is obscure, dysregulation of the signaling transduction pathway in microglia may enhance inflammation, lea...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s00005-010-0069-y
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Monoterpenes such as limonene and perillyl alcohol (POH) are promising natural compounds with pro-oxidant properties partly due to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity owing to their activity as free radical scavengers, inhibition of coenzyme Q synthesis, activation of antio...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s00005-017-0459-5
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of antibodies in immunity to intravenous infection with dysentery bacilli was studied in mice. Serum from animals immunized with a single dose of live dysentery bacilli obtained at a varying intervals of time after immunization transferred immunity to other mice infected with lethal doses of the same bacilli....
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fresh porcine blood platelets, subjected to ethanol acid extraction and purification on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and CM-Sephadex C-50, were used to obtain partially purified, cationic PDGF (pI 8.5-10) of Mr 38,000 and biological activity 10(4) U/ml. Reduction of porcine PDGF with 2-mercaptoethanol revealed the presence of t...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Activities of leucylaminopeptidase, aspartyl aminopeptidase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, oxytocinase, phosphohexoisomerase, phosphofructokinase and aldolase were studied in amniotic cells from cases of pregnancy complicated by threatening intrauterine fetal asphyxia. Leucylaminopeptidase and oxytocinase activities ...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Evaluation of the selected parameters of the immune system in MGN children has revealed some correlation between clinical advancement of the disease and the presence of the immune complexes in the serum. The results obtained point to the predominance of the suppressive reaction. ...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We sought to determine whether HLA-A and -B type and haplotype frequencies differ between subgroups of adults with IgG subclass deficiency (IgGSD). We retrospectively compared type and haplotype frequencies of three subgroups of 269 unrelated adult IgGSD patients (70 subnormal IgG1; 121 subnormal IgG3; 78 subnormal Ig...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00005-020-00572-8
更新日期:2020-04-20 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the concentration of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) with the disease activity score and pulmonary function of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with and without pulmonary fibrosi...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00005-014-0270-5
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a persistent DNA virus that has evolved with humans to establish a finely balanced host-virus relationship. This balance is maintained by host immune surveillance since deficiencies in these processes can result in life-threatening disease, as observed in immunologically immature neonates and ...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s00005-007-0037-3
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sodium salt of 9-oxo-10-acridineacetohydroxamic acid (HCA), a new synthetic compound, forms small crystals in aqueous solutions. These crystals were easily phagocytable by the mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. The ingested HCA crystals were visible under light microscope as dark granules. The counting of cells wi...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mesenteric and pulmonary mast cells of guinea pigs were obtained by enzymatic dispersion of the tissues with the enzyme collagenase. The guinea pig mast cells obtained by this method were morphologically intact, as judged by light microscopy. The mast cells from lung and mesentery of actively sensitized guinea pig...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human chorionic gonadotropin--subunit beta (beta-hCG) has been so far most extensively studied antigen for immuno-contraceptive properties. Studies of vaccination of non-human primates has been so far controversially reported since some antisera obtained from baboons immunized with beta-hCG had shown cross-reactivity ...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Humoral and cellular mechanisms of immunity to infection with Y. pseudotuberculosis bacilli in mice were studied. Development of delayed hypersensitivity, measured by the footpad test and macrophage migration inhibition test, was significantly correlated with immunity, expressed by elimination of Y. pseudotuberculosis...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An investigation was undertaken to determine if an agglutinin isolated from Aleuria aurantia possesses a mitogenic activity. Proliferation response of mouse lymphoid cell cultures was measured by 3H-thymidine uptake. The results revealed that Aleuria aurantia agglutinin at the concentration of 1 microgram/ml is mitoge...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immunotherapy with ex vivo generated dendritic cells (DCs) is reported to be of low toxicity and of diverse effectiveness in cancer treatment. The synthetic antigens are frequently used for immunotherapy especially for patients with stable disease after prior treatment. We described the effect of peptide-loaded DCs-ba...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00005-011-0157-7
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s00005-007-0043-5
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lymphocytes of 6 patients with infectious mononucleosis were found to be capable of responding in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)--transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines and Raji cells, whereas their response to PWM-induced blasts and non-T cells was significantly depressed. This means that d...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Preterm infants are very susceptible to infections. Immune response mechanisms in this group of patients and factors that influence cord blood mononuclear cell populations remain poorly understood and are considered insufficient. However, competent immune functions of the cord blood mononuclear cells are also describe...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00005-013-0244-z
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Amitriptyline and nortriptyline in doses higher than 0.5 mg/kg exert a hypotensive action, and doses of less than 0-5 mg/kg have no characteristic effect on blood pressure. Both drugs diminished amplitude of cardiac contractions in situ in experimental animals. Low doses increased frequency and amplitude of respiratio...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article takes issue with those who defend a brand of clinical research ethics that tends to substitute the ethics of clinical care of patients being recruited as trial subjects. The distinction between therapeutic and non-therapeutic studies is being disregarded by arguing that research is concerned with the purs...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00005-009-0027-8
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Haemolytic activity of complement (CH50) and occurrence of circulating immune, complexes (CIC) were studied in serum samples from children with mumps meningitis taken at regular intervals. The decrease of CH50 was observed in 46 out of 77 samples (60%) in the Ist examination, between 1-6th day from the appearance of s...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Properties of horse natural anti-PSM antibodies are described. The antibodies were of IgG class. Electrostatic forces were mainly involved in reaction of PSM with horse antibodies. The reaction was inhibited by low molecular compounds resembling structural unit of PSM. Studies of difference spectra and ORD and CD spec...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are membrane ligand-gated cation channels whose activation is triggered by the binding of the endogenous neurotransmitter acetylcholine or other biologic compounds including nicotine. Their roles in synaptic transmission in the central and peripheral nervous system as well as...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s00005-013-0266-6
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Influenza virus A/USSR/053/74/H3N2 was subjected to the effect of some physico-chemical factors: freezing-thawing, ultrasounds, long-term storage at 4 degrees C, hydrogen ions, formaldehyde. All the preparations were tested for virus infectivity, hemagglutinin titer, neuraminidase activity and ability of altered virus...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::After several decades of research into the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), its diverse actions in the immune system are yet to be fully revealed. What has become clear is that MIF plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immunity. However, while several pathways mediating the function of MIF i...
journal_title:Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00