Abstract：
:As the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic affects more women, clinicians are increasingly observing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in HIV-infected women. The extent to which PID is a factor in the recognition of HIV or HIV is a factor in the recognition of PID is unknown. Even less is known about how HIV infection influences the development, clinical course, and microbiology of PID. The paucity of existing data largely results from difficulties in designing studies that are free of bias. Several biases may distort studies of the effect of HIV on the recognition, incidence, clinical presentation and course, and microbiology of PID. Selection bias, diagnostic bias, and confounding bias are the most likely causes of invalid conclusions in studies of the influence of HIV infection on these aspects of PID, for three major reasons: Factors that determine patients' health care seeking behavior may be related to HIV status; the diagnosis of PID tends to be imprecise; and extraneous factors that cause or prevent PID may be distributed differently in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women. Appropriate study design and analytic techniques can eliminate, reduce, or estimate the magnitude and direction of these biases, thereby yielding more valid conclusions. To interpret properly existing and future studies of the influence of HIV infection on PID, clinicians must consider several biases that may distort results.
journal_name
Obstet Gynecoljournal_title
Obstetrics and gynecologyauthors
Irwin KL,Rice RJ,Sperling RS,O'Sullivan MJ,Brodman Msubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1994-09-01 00:00:00pages
463-9issue
3eissn
0029-7844issn
1873-233Xjournal_volume
84pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:There are a number of new genetic tests and a variety of recommendations for obstetrician-gynecologists. In recent years, screening of low-risk pregnant women with noninvasive prenatal testing has been proposed as well as universal BRCA1 and BRCA2 screening of all women regardless of risk status. Both proposed genetic...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/AOG.0000000000000871
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To review facility-based maternal deaths at a tertiary-level center in Johannesburg, South Africa, during a 5-year period (2003 to 2007) and to investigate the proportion of deaths attributable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the etiology of deaths, and the effects of antiretroviral treatment introduce...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181af33e6
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are being seen with greater regularity by the obstetrician-gynecologist. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the extreme of the spectrum of HIV infections, is associated with Pneumocystis carinii infection in more than half of newly diagnosed cases. Four cases of AI...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A modified CEA-Roche kit was used to determine the pretreatment value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in patients with intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. A positive correlation between tumor volume and CEA levels was found in patients with invasive disease, and patients wit...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00006250-197805000-00004
更新日期：1978-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To compare the attitudes and expectations that obstetric patients and medical students bring to the student-patient relationship in intrapartum care. METHODS:Written questionnaires were distributed to obstetric patients who had students assist in their labor and delivery care and to medical students who had ...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0029-7844(96)00191-3
更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In an ongoing clinical trial, 100 patients with an unruptured ectopic pregnancy of 3.5 cm or less in greatest dimension were treated with an outpatient protocol of methotrexate and citrovorum factor chemotherapy. Methotrexate and citrovorum were given on alternating days until the hCG titer had decreased by 15% on 2 c...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Many serum markers have been proposed to aid in the identification of an ectopic pregnancy, but few have been validated. Most studies have been limited by sample size and design. The goal of this study was to assess putative markers to identify which can be optimally combined. METHODS:We conducted a case-con...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1097/AOG.0b013e31820b3c61
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The vesicovaginal fistula from prolonged obstructed labor is a condition that is no longer seen in the affluent, industrialized world, yet it continues to exist in epidemic proportions in sub-Saharan Africa, where several million women are estimated to suffer from this condition. The unremitting urinary incontinence t...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02498-5
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Serial measurements of amniotic fluid volume were made using a tracer dilution technique in sheep during the last half of gestation. No consistent trends were observed in amniotic fluid volume changes over this period. Disappearance of tracer-labeled urea and water from the amniotic fluid was observed at various gesta...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To develop patient-centered outcome measures for clinical research by characterizing the effects of pregnancy and childbirth on functioning. METHODS:Five focus groups of mothers (n = 33) and three focus groups of clinicians (midwives [n = 8], obstetricians [n = 4], and family practitioners [n = 7]) were conv...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00251-8
更新日期：1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The postpartum dose of Rh immune globulin varies according to an individual laboratory estimation of fetal red blood cells in each mother's peripheral blood. In the United States, a four-step procedure determines the postpartum dose (number of vials of 300 micrograms; 1,500 international units) of Rh immune globulin (...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/aog.0b013e3182742eba
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A program of trial labor by patients who had previously undergone one low cervical transverse cesarean section is described. Experience with 526 such patients shows that 49% delivered vaginally, doing so with slightly less morbidity and a shorter hospital stay than 108 similar patients not given a trial labor. Perinat...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A new fetal scalp electrode applicator system uses a guide tube with increased curvature and a plunger mechanism to advance, rotate, and release the spiral electrode. Results of a preliminary survey among house staff who used the system in 51 patients indicated a favorable impression, with 96.1% of the applications ra...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Burkitt lymphoma during pregnancy is a rare event, and outcomes have been poor. However, few patients were treated by current standards, with nearly half receiving single-agent cyclophosphamide or no chemotherapy. CASE:A patient with Burkitt lymphoma presenting at 11 6/7 weeks' gestation was treated with su...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00282-8
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To measure the accessibility of contraceptive supplies over the Internet. METHODS:We performed an Internet search with the use of search engines and key words. We posed as consumers purchasing both prescription and over-the-counter contraceptive supplies. The number of clicks or web pages accessed, costs, sh...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0029-7844(00)01113-3
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Refeeding syndrome is a rare constellation of electrolyte abnormalities after reintroduction of glucose during an adaptive state of starvation and malnutrition, resulting in fluid shifts, end-organ damage, and, potentially, death. We present a case of fetal death in a patient with hyperemesis gravidarum comp...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/AOG.0000000000003276
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine whether opinions and practice patterns have markedly changed over the past decade and whether clinicians are cognizant of the new ACOG definitions for forceps deliveries. METHODS:Two hundred ninety-five United States and Canadian residency programs were surveyed via a questionnaire; 203 (69%) re...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ultrasonography plays an integral part in the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects. However, experienced sonographers with careful evaluation are successful in accurately diagnosing spina bifida only 80-90% of the time. This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of certain cranial ultrasoun...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To estimate prevalence and correlates of abortion provision among practicing obstetrician-gynecologists (ob-gyns) in the United States. METHODS:We conducted a national probability sample mail survey of 1,800 practicing ob-gyns. Key variables included whether respondents ever encountered patients seeking abor...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/AOG.0b013e31822ad973
更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The serum concentration of placental protein 12 was measured by radioimmunoassay in 111 apparently healthy pregnant women at 33 to 40 weeks, and the results were compared with those of 39 women with preeclampsia either with or without proteinuria at similar stages of pregnancy. Because the placental protein 12 levels ...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use as an adjunct to cytology for cervical cancer screening. To help provide guidance to clinicians and patients when using HPV DNA testing as an adjunct to cervical cytology for screening, a workshop was cosponsored b...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/01.AOG.0000109426.82624.f8
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:A rare malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary during pregnancy was detected by screening of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP). Treatment of this uncommon tumor during pregnancy incorporated combination chemotherapy including etoposide. CASE:An 18-year-old primiparous woman undergoing antenatal geneti...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fourteen cases of typhoid fever complicating pregnancy are presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by blood cultures in 13 patients and by a rising Widal titer in one. Stool cultures were positive in only two out of five patients; urine cultures in 12 patients and cervical cultures in five patients were all negative. T...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Amniotic fluid prostaglandin levels were measured serially in 15 patients who underwent successful induction of labor and compared with those of patients presenting in spontaneous labor. At comparable cervical dilation the induced group demonstrated significantly lower prostaglandin levels. Four of these patients deli...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study compared peritoneal fluid volume, macrophage count, and macrophage concentration by diagnosis and cycle week of 426 patients undergoing laparoscopy. Patient diagnosis and cycle week had no significant interaction. Peritoneal fluid volume was dependent upon cycle week and diagnostic group, but macrophage cou...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The endocervical strip biopsy instrument obtains strips of endocervical epithelium with attached cervical stroma without excessive bleeding or discomfort to the patient. The intact specimen allows a precise histologic evaluation of endocervical disease processes in patients with abnormal cervical cytology or endometri...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of combination gefitinib and methotrexate to treat ectopic pregnancy. METHODS:We performed a phase I, single-arm (nonrandomized), open-label study. Twelve women with ectopic pregnancies were administered methotrexate (50 mg/m, intramuscular) and 250 mg oral...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182a14cfb
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To discuss the differential diagnosis and the management of venous malformations of the vulva. METHODS:Five symptomatic patients were treated. The degree of pain and discomfort was self-assessed by using a horizontal visual analog scale before and after treatment. Preoperative evaluation included Doppler ult...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To review systematically all prospective, randomized trials published in English quantifying the success of reclosure of the disrupted laparotomy wound. DATA SOURCES:The MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases were searched from 1966 to 2004. References were hand-searched and their authors con...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/01.AOG.0000171114.75338.06
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Approximately 24% of American adults have tattoos. Studies of humans and mice demonstrate that tattoo pigment migrates to lymph nodes and can cause lymphadenopathy. CASE:A 32-year-old woman presented with a 6-cm vulvar mass and extensive bilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenopathy. Bilateral small tattoos were...
journal_title：Obstetrics and gynecology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182583be2
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
