Abstract:
:Hepatitis E has a worldwide distribution and causes substantial morbidity and mortality in some developing countries, particularly among pregnant women. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has recently been cloned and sequenced and new diagnostic tests have been developed; these tests have been used to begin to characterize the natural history and epidemiologic features of HEV infection. Experimental vaccines have also been developed that offer the potential to prevent hepatitis E. However, to develop effective strategies to prevent this disease, much remains to be learned about HEV, including the vehicles of transmission, the reservoir(s) of the virus, and the natural history of protective immunity.
journal_name
Annu Rev Medjournal_title
Annual review of medicineauthors
Mast EE,Krawczynski Kdoi
10.1146/annurev.med.47.1.257subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-01-01 00:00:00pages
257-66eissn
0066-4219issn
1545-326Xjournal_volume
47pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Antisense technology exploits oligonucleotide analogs to bind to target RNAs via Watson-Crick hybridization. Once bound, the antisense agent either disables or induces the degradation of the target RNA. Antisense agents can also alter splicing. During the past decade, much has been learned about the basic mechanisms o...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.104408
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Precision medicine was conceptualized on the strength of genomic sequence analysis. High-throughput functional metrics have enhanced sequence interpretation and clinical precision. These technologies include metabolomics, magnetic resonance imaging, and I rhythm (cardiac monitoring), among others. These technologies a...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-041316-090905
更新日期:2018-01-29 00:00:00
abstract::The familial nature of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (FMEN) has been recognized for some time but little is known about their cause. Recent application of new molecular techniques has mapped FMEN syndromes to specific chromosomes and provided evidence for the mechanism through which neoplasia occurs. In this ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.43.020192.001345
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is clear from the preceding material that bacterial infection is a significant threat to the newborn infant. The most common gram-negative organism causing meningitis in the neonate is E. coli, and the invasive capacity of this organism is correlated with its polysaccharide antigen, K1. Careful studies of supportiv...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.29.020178.001021
更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The surgical management of arterial occlusive disease of the lower extremities is reviewed, with emphasis on extra-anatomic and reoperative methods. Consideration is given to alternative interventional radiologic techniques, both as definitive therapy as well as in conjunction with conventional surgical reconstruction...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.36.020185.002445
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The foregoing summarizes what can be learned from a carefully performed antiglobulin test using specific antisera. Clinical syndromes can be more easily considered, and mechanisms of destruction can be more certainly discerned. ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.26.020175.001555
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was a mystery for over half a century until the discovery of ADAMTS13. ADAMTS13 is primarily synthesized in the liver, and its main function is to cleave von Willebrand factor (VWF) anchored on the endothelial surface, in circulation, and at the sites of vascul...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-061813-013241
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This chapter reviews the biology of gastroesophageal reflux disease, relating pathophysiology to medical and surgical therapy. Various definitions of the disease are presented and workable criteria are developed to identify patients with the disease. The central importance of the lower esophageal high-pressure zone as...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.50.1.469
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited heart disease characterized by fibrofatty replacement of the ventricular myocardium, a high risk of ventricular arrhythmias, and progressive ventricular dysfunction. The clinical course is highly variable, and optimal approaches to management remai...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-041217-010932
更新日期:2019-01-27 00:00:00
abstract::Organ preservation is the supply line for organ transplantation. Currently, the liver, pancreas, and kidney can be successfully preserved for up to two days by flushing the organs with the University of Wisconsin (UW) organ preservation solution and storing them at hypothermia (0-5 degree C). The UW solution is effect...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.46.1.235
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Randomized trials have studied bisphosphonates in the adjuvant setting of early breast cancer to investigate their ability to prevent treatment-induced bone loss. Trial results have also suggested their potential to prevent disease recurrence and metastases. These trials are summarized in this review. A recent patient...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-053014-103600
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pharmacogenetics deals with inherited differences in the response to drugs. The best-recognized examples are genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affect about 30% of all drugs. Loss of function of thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) results in severe and life-threatening hematopoietic toxicity i...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.56.082103.104724
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several monoclonal antibodies targeting B cells have been tested as therapeutics for inflammatory rheumatic diseases. We review important observations from randomized clinical trials regarding the efficacy and safety of anti-B cell antibody-based therapies for rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, antine...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-070912-133235
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Obesity is perhaps the most significant public health problem facing the United States today. Obese patients are at increased risk for numerous medical problems, which can adversely affect surgical outcome. However, these risks have not uniformly translated into increased or prohibitive operative morbidity and mortali...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.49.1.215
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiometabolic disease (CMD), such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality on a global scale. The gut microbiota has emerged as a potential target to beneficially modulate CMD risk, possibly via dietary interventions. Dietary interventions have been...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-062218-023720
更新日期:2020-01-27 00:00:00
abstract::Two features of human parietal pleura explain its role in the formation and removal of pleural liquid and protein in the normal state: the proximity of the microvessels to the pleural surface and the presence of stomata situated between mesothelial cells. For pleural fluid to accumulate in disease, there must be incre...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.41.020190.000255
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The selective distal splenorenal shunt has been shown to be equally as effective as total portal-systemic shunting procedures in the control of variceal hemorrhage and it can now be performed with an equivalent operative mortality. It is superior to other shunts in metabolic aspects and results in a markedly decreased...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.26.020175.001305
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The most significant complication of elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in uremia is the development of osteitis fibrosa cystica. The hormone also appears to play a role in soft-tissue and organ calcification, metabolic abnormalities (glucose, lipids), and electroencephalographic changes seen in uremic patients...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.37.020186.000443
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Genetic studies of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (AD) revealed that β-amyloid is central to disease pathogenesis. However, amyloid-targeted therapies have generally failed to slow progression in patients with symptomatic disease. This result suggests a transition from an early amyloid-dependent phase to a lat...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-052919-120219
更新日期:2021-01-27 00:00:00
abstract::Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a well-established treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. FMT has become a more readily available and useful new treatment option as a result of stool banks. The current state of knowledge indicates that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is implicated in sev...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-med-111717-122956
更新日期:2019-01-27 00:00:00
abstract::Highly specialized mechanisms are required for transporting cobalamin (vitamin B12) into and out of mammalian cells. This review describes the key role of the cobalamin-binding proteins in meeting the stringent requirements for transport of this essential nutrient. Also summarized are the various defects capable of im...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.36.020185.000521
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Following the demonstration of the nature of the enzymatic defects in the sphingolipid storage disorders in the mid-1960s, consideration was directed to the development of therapy for patients with these conditions. High on the list of possibilities was enzyme supplementation or replacement. Many years of arduous inve...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.57.110104.115650
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Major inhalational anesthetics cause inhibition in the electron transport chain in the region of Complex I resulting in decreased oxygen utilization, inhibition of metabolism of NAD-linked substrates, but not of succinate, inhibition of mitochondrial calcium uptake, and depression of synaptic transmission because of p...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.26.020175.002135
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Renal involvement by systemic lupus is variable; some patients have minimal clinical and histologic involvement, whereas others have fulminant renal failure and severe proliferative renal lesions on biopsy. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification has greatly aided in the study of lupus nephritis. This class...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.45.1.525
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Infantile autism probably has many etiologies. Several specific genetic disorders appear to be associated with the syndrome much more often than would be expected by chance, but these account for only a minority of cases. In the majority of cases, where etiology is still unknown, genetic factors probably also play a r...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.36.020185.002215
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The overexpression and aberrant function of members of the erbB family of receptors, particularly erbB1 (also known as epidermal growth factor receptor), and its ligands in many human cancers have provided a rationale for targeting this signaling network with novel approaches. erbB1 is a selective target for inhibitin...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.104433
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atrial fibrillation is the most common dysrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. For some patients, satisfactory rate control is not possible by pharmacologic means. This led us to develop a surgical approach to its cure, which in turn has led to a deeper understanding of the electrophysiologic basis of atrial fib...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.48.1.511
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::GnRH and its analogues have led to exciting new avenues of therapy in virtually every subspecialty of internal medicine as well as in gynecology, pediatrics, and urology. Since their discovery in 1971, it has been demonstrated that GnRH and its analogues enable medical professionals to influence the hypothalamic-pitui...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.45.1.391
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The International HapMap Project produced a genome-wide database of human genetic variation for use in genetic association studies of common diseases. The initial output of these studies has been overwhelming, with over 150 risk loci identified in studies of more than 60 common diseases and traits. These associations ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.60.061907.093117
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::All potent CNS depressant drugs can depress cardiac function in man in a dose-dependent manner. The dose-effect curve is considerably flatter with several drugs (diethyl ether, cyclopropane, fluroxene, isoflurane, and ketamine), presumably from sympathetic nervous-system activation. Potent analgesics and tranquilizers...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.me.28.020177.000451
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00