Abstract：
:Vision is the most important sense for humans and it is irreversibly impaired by axonal damage of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the optic nerve due to the lack of axonal regeneration. The failure of regeneration is partially attributable to factors located in the inhibitory environment of the forming glial scar and myelin as well as an insufficient intrinsic ability for axonal regrowth. Moreover, RGCs undergo apoptotic cell death after optic nerve injury, eliminating any chance for regeneration. In this review, we discuss the different aspects that cause regenerative failure in the optic nerve. Moreover, we describe discoveries of the last two decades demonstrating that under certain circumstances mature RGCs can be transformed into an active regenerative state allowing these neurons to survive axotomy and to regenerate axons in the injured optic nerve. In this context we focus on the role of the cytokines ciliary neutrophic factor (CNTF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), their receptors and the downstream signaling pathways. Furthermore, we discuss strategies to overcome inhibitory signaling induced by molecules associated with optic nerve myelin and the glial scar as well as the regenerative outcome after combinatorial treatments. These findings are encouraging and may open the possibility that clinically meaningful regeneration may become achievable one day in the future.
journal_name
Prog Retin Eye Resjournal_title
Progress in retinal and eye researchauthors
Fischer D,Leibinger Mdoi
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.06.005subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-11-01 00:00:00pages
688-701issue
6eissn
1350-9462issn
1873-1635pii
S1350-9462(12)00052-3journal_volume
31pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) forms the outer blood-retinal barrier by regulating the movement of solutes between the fenestrated capillaries of the choroid and the photoreceptor layer of the retina. Blood-tissue barriers use various mechanisms to accomplish their tasks including membrane pumps, transporters, a...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.06.002
更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The dedicator of cytokinesis (Dock) family is composed of atypical guanine exchange factors (GEFs) that activate the Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42. Rho GTPases are best documented for their roles in actin polymerization and they regulate important cellular functions, including morphogenesis, migration, neuronal developme...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.06.005
更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Phototransduction in vertebrate photoreceptor cells mediated by rhodopsin is one of the most comprehensively examined G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways. The signal transduction pathway can be mapped from the initial absorption of light to conformational changes within rhodopsin, through activation o...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1350-9462(03)00017-x
更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The macular pigments (MP) absorb light in the blue-green region of the visible spectrum and comprise two carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. In humans the concentration of MP varies widely across the normal population. There are two (not mutually exclusive) proposed roles for MP: to improve visual function and to act ...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.05.004
更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Renin-Angiotensin System is classically recognized for its role in the control of systemic blood pressure. However, the retina is recognized to have all the components necessary for angiotensin II formation, suggestive of a role for Angiotensin II in the retina that is independent of the systemic circulation. The most...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.03.003
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The link between morphology and physiology for some of the cell types of the macaque monkey retina is reviewed with emphasis on understanding the neural mechanism for spectral opponency in the light response of ganglion cells. An in vitro preparation of the retina is used in which morphologically identified cell types...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1350-9462(98)00013-5
更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Purines (in particular, ATP and adenosine) act as neuro- and gliotransmitters in the sensory retina where they are involved in bidirectional neuron-glia signaling. This review summarizes the present knowledge about the expression and functional importance of P1 (adenosine) and P2 (nucleotide) receptors in Müller glial...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.06.001
更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the most severe retinal dystrophy causing blindness or severe visual impairment before the age of 1 year. Linkage analysis, homozygosity mapping and candidate gene analysis facilitated the identification of 14 genes mutated in patients with LCA and juvenile retinal degeneration, whi...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.05.003
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health problem with devastating effects on ocular health in both industrialized and developing countries. The control of hyperglycemia is critical to minimizing the impact of DM on ocular tissues because inadequate glycemic control leads to ocular tissue changes that range from a temp...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.04.006
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The brains of all vertebrates are persistently neurogenic. However, this is not true for the neural retinas. Only three extant classes of vertebrates show significant posthatch/postnatal retinal neurogenesis: amphibians, birds and fish. The retinas of these animals contain an annulus of progenitors at the margin, from...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.01.001
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Uveitis is a group of diseases characterized by intraocular inflammation, of which some are driven by autoinflammatory or autoimmune responses, such as Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Behçet's disease, uveitis associated with spondyloarthritis, ocular sarcoidosis, sympathetic ophthalmia and birdshot chorioretinopathy. T...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100866
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Retinoblastoma is lethal by metastasis if left untreated, so the primary goal of therapy is to preserve life, with ocular survival, visual preservation and quality of life as secondary aims. Historically, enucleation was the first successful therapeutic approach to decrease mortality, followed over 100 years ago by th...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.05.005
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The trabecular meshwork forms most of the resistance to aqueous humor outflow needed for maintenance of a pressure gradient between intraocular pressure of approximately 17 mmHg and venous pressure of approximately 10 mmHg. The composition of the extracellular material in the subendothelial or cribriform layer seems t...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1350-9462(98)00011-1
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Catalyzed by endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) activity, NO is a gaseous signaling molecule maintaining endothelial and cardiovascular homeostasis. Principally, NO regulates the contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells and permeability of endothelial cells in response to either biochemical or biomecha...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100922
更新日期：2020-11-28 00:00:00
abstract：:The eye is an ideal target for exploiting the potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology in order to understand disease pathways and explore novel therapeutic strategies for inherited retinal disease. The aim of this article is to map the pathway from state-of-the art laboratory-based discover...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.09.002
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Understanding of corneal wound healing plays an important role, not only in management of corneal infections, but especially in refractive surgery. A better control of wound healing mechanisms might improve the results of such resculpturing techniques and help to avoid complications arising from these procedures. Whil...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1350-9462(02)00064-2
更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The vitreous gel is a transparent extracellular matrix that fills the cavity behind the lens of the eye and is surrounded by and attached to the retina. This gel liquefies during ageing and in 25-30% of the oppulation the residual gel structure eventually collapses away from the posterior retina in a process called po...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1350-9462(99)00016-6
更新日期：2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Uveitis is a major cause of blindness, with the visual loss that occurs being due primarily to retinal tissue damage. The tissue damage is mediated mainly by phagocytic inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, by the release of various proteolytic enzymes, arachidonic acid metabolites, cytokines and free radicals. The...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1350-9462(99)00003-8
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In vertebrates, the innate and adaptive immune systems have evolved seamlessly to protect the host by rapidly responding to danger signals, eliminating pathogens and creating immunological memory as well as immunological tolerance to self. The innate immune system harnesses receptors that recognize conserved pathogen ...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.11.004
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bruch's membrane (BM) is a unique pentalaminar structure, which is strategically located between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the fenestrated choroidal capillaries of the eye. BM is an elastin- and collagen-rich extracellular matrix that acts as a molecular sieve. BM partly regulates the reciprocal exchang...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.08.003
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review considers the critical role of the conjunctiva in determining the success or failure of glaucoma filtration surgery. Glaucoma filtration surgery can be defined as an attempt to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) by the surgical formation of an artificial drainage pathway from the anterior chamber to the subc...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.06.004
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacterial endophthalmitis is a sight threatening infection of the interior structures of the eye. Incidence in the US has increased in recent years, which appears to be related to procedures being performed on an aging population. The advent of outpatient intravitreal therapy for management of age-related macular dege...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.03.004
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The role of alpha-crystallin as a molecular chaperone may explain how the lens stays transparent for so long. Alpha-crystallin prevents the aggregation of other lens crystallins and proteins that have become unfolded by "trapping" the protein in a high molecular weight complex. It also protects enzyme activities. The ...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1350-9462(98)00030-5
更新日期：1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial disease caused by the interplay of age and genetic and environmental risk factors. A common feature observed in early and both forms of late AMD is the breakdown of the physiologically immunosuppressive subretinal environment and the protracted accumul...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.002
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The thickness of tear film has been investigated under both invasive and non-invasive methods. While invasive methods are largely historical, more recent noninvasive methods are generally based on optical approaches that provide accurate, precise, and rapid measures. Optical microscopy, interferometry, and optical coh...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.02.002
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Autoimmune diseases usually follow a relapsing-remitting or a chronic progressive course. To understand the underlying immunopathogenesis we investigated experimental Lewis rat models displaying both disease types, which were only dependent on the autoantigen peptide used for immunization. Retinal S-Antigen-peptide PD...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.02.003
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The refractive power of a lens is determined largely by its surface curvatures and the refractive index of its medium. These properties can also be used to control the sharpness of focus and hence the image quality. One of the most effective ways of doing this is with a gradient index. Eye lenses of all species, thus ...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.03.001
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Age-related diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are of growing importance in a world where population ageing has become a dominant global trend. Although a wide variety of risk factors for AMD have been identified, age itself remains by far the most important risk factor, making it an urgent pr...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100825
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this review, we summarize the main stages of structural and functional development of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). We first consider the various mechanisms that are involved in restructuring of dendritic trees. To date, many mechanisms have been implicated including target-dependent factors, interactions from nei...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1350-9462(00)00024-0
更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The patterns of eye movement that accompany static activities such as reading have been studied since the early 1900s, but it is only since head-mounted eye trackers became available in the 1980s that it has been possible to study active tasks such as walking, driving, playing ball games and ordinary everyday activiti...
journal_title：Progress in retinal and eye research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.preteyeres.2006.01.002
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
