Abstract:
:The effects of estrogenic steroid hormones in women are apparent, but the circulating androgen levels are much higher. Compared with serum estrone and estradiol levels, circulating testosterone levels are five to 10 times higher, androstenedione levels 30 times higher, dehydroepiandrosterone levels 100 times higher, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels 40,000 times higher. Androgen production in women is physiologically appropriate, but it differs from other hormonal systems in that there seem to be no mechanisms controlling the serum levels. Androgens are produced almost incidentally from reproductive and ACTH-adrenal axes. No distinct feedback systems have been identified for the androgens, although the lifetime patterns of changes, particularly of adrenal androgens, suggest that such systems should exist. Normal androgenesis from the two axes and the mechanisms of androgen action are described, as an introduction to abnormal androgen action in women.
journal_name
Cleve Clin J Medjournal_title
Cleveland Clinic journal of medicineauthors
Cumming DCdoi
10.3949/ccjm.57.2.161subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-03-01 00:00:00pages
161-6issue
2eissn
0891-1150issn
1939-2869journal_volume
57pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Lung resection provides the greatest likelihood of cure for patients with localized lung cancer, but is associated with a risk of mortality, decreased postoperative lung function, and other complications. Lung function testing using spirometry, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, and peak oxygen consum...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.79.s2.04
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although stress-related mucosal damage is common (and potentially serious) in critically ill patients, the risk of clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding appears to be confined to patients with certain factors: mechanical ventilation, coagulopathy, multiple trauma, increased intracranial pressure, and multio...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.64.10.533
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Observational studies indicate that aspirin may counteract the beneficial effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, but the data are not yet sufficient for making firm recommendations. We review the available data and offer tentative conclusions. ...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.68.6.569
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epidemiologic and experimental data suggest that isoflavones have benefits for preventing and treating some prostate disease. Isoflavone supplements may therefore be an important tool for men concerned about prostate disease, such as those with benign prostatic hypertrophy undergoing watchful waiting or those concerne...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.70.3.203
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A case of pacemaker lead dysfunction with subsequent removal by a unique transvenous extraction system is presented. This technique allows detailed examination of the extracted pacemaker lead and identification of unsuspected causes of lead failure. Information relative to specific causes of lead failure may result in...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3949/ccjm.59.1.91
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The metabolic syndrome is likely to develop in patients in whom genetic predisposition, chronic stress, negative emotion, and unhealthy lifestyle habits converge. In light of the psychophysiologic aspect of most of these factors, biofeedback, relaxation, and other psychophysiologic interventions have been studied and ...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.77.s3.12
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stroke is a deadly and disabling disease that preferentially afflicts older adults. It shares common risk factors with myocardial infarction (MI), such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Blood pressure control, cholesterol reduction with statins, and glucose control reduce the risk for both stroke and MI. ...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.72.suppl_3.s14
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies published during the past year on the treatment of several infectious diseases provide valuable information that should enable us to treat our patients more effectively. Among those findings: Oral vancomycin (Vancocin) is superior to oral metronidazole (Flagyl) for treating patients with severe Clostridium dif...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.75.8.584
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Because type 2 diabetes mellitus is a progressive disease, most patients eventually need insulin. When and how to start insulin therapy are not one-size-fits-all decisions but rather must be individualized. This paper reviews the indications, goals, and options for insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes. ...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.82a.14069
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Of the imaging techniques currently available to evaluate women for breast disease, mammography remains the mainstay of breast cancer screening, but recent guidelines have included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the screening of some women at high risk. Whole-breast ultrasonography for screening has not been est...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.74.12.897
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Elevated serum urate levels are recognized as leading to gouty arthritis, tophi formation, and uric acid kidney stones. While serum urate elevations have long been associated with renal disease, they are not usually considered to have a causal role in kidney dysfunction. However, recent epidemiologic studies have iden...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.75.suppl_5.s13
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Concern has been raised about whether the fluid retention caused by thiazolidinediones (TZDs, ie, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) can cause or exacerbate congestive heart failure. Although fluid retention is a worrisome side effect of TZDs, current evidence does not link fluid retention caused by TZDs with worsening h...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.73.4.390
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Informed consent in clinical research is a matter of both ethics and federal regulation. A research subject must enter a study voluntarily, be informed about risks and benefits, and understand the difference between experiment and treatment. ...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.71.11.907
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Arthroscopy for degenerative conditions of the knee is among the most commonly employed orthopedic procedures, but its effectiveness (like the effectiveness of many surgical operations) has never been proven in prospective trials. Moreover, the precise mechanism by which arthroscopy improves the course of degenerative...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3949/ccjm.70.5.401
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a spectrum of syndromes characterized by thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, manifested by an elevated blood lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration and red blood cell fragments. It classically occurs in patients with a hereditary or acquired lack of A...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3949/ccjm.75.5.369
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::To date, there are no effective antiviral medications for COVID-19. Drug repurposing, a strategy that uses existing drugs, offers potential prevention and treatment options for COVID-19. We discuss one treatment strategy that combines anti-inflammatory (melatonin) and antiviral (toremifene) agents for patients infecte...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3949/ccjm.87a.ccc037
更新日期:2020-06-30 00:00:00
abstract::This paper reviews the clinical presentation of gallstone disease, acalculous cholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia, and gallbladder cancer, as well as how to make best use of current diagnostic and treatment methods, particularly ultrasonography, cholescintigraphy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and endoscopic retrograde ...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.69.12.977
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Certain fluorocarbon polymers can produce a clinical syndrome called polymer fume fever when the products of pyrolysis are inhaled. SUMMARY:A previously healthy 21-year-old white man presented with severe chest tightness, difficulty in breathing, pyrexia, nausea, vomiting, and a dry irritating cough. These ...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3949/ccjm.60.6.479
更新日期:1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::We reviewed the population of a surgical intensive care unit from July 1, 1987 to June 30, 1988, adjusting for severity of illness using the APACHE II system. Nineteen different departments admitted a total of 613 patients to the surgical intensive care unit. Predicted mortality was 22.9%; actual mortality was 15.7%. ...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3949/ccjm.58.6.477
更新日期:1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of beryllium lung disease has been suspected for years. The observation of cutaneous hypersensitivity to beryllium led to the development of the lymphocyte blast transformation test; the test clearly distinguishes between healthy subjects, who show little or no blast t...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.58.2.157
更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hirsutism is a source of significant anxiety in women. While polycystic ovary syndrome or other endocrine conditions are responsible for excess androgen in many patients, other patients have normal menses and normal androgen levels ("idiopathic" hirsutism). The goal of the evaluation is to rule out any underlying path...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3949/ccjm.77a.08079
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Increased levels of human growth hormone (HGH) may correlate with the severity of psoriasis and native somatostatin (SRIF) may improve it by inhibiting HGH release. The synthetic SRIF analog, SMS 201-995, is a potent and long-lasting HGH inhibitor. Nine patients with chronic plaque psoriasis completed 12 weeks of open...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3949/ccjm.57.1.71
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is transmitted through respiratory secretions and saliva. The virus can also live for short periods of time (1 to several hours) on fomites such as doorknobs, handrails, and tables. Aerosolization of the virus can occur during procedures including bronchoscopy, endotracheal ...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3949/ccjm.87a.ccc029
更新日期:2020-05-14 00:00:00
abstract::The focus of palliative care is to alleviate pain and suffering for patients, potentially while they concurrently pursue life-prolonging or curative therapy. The potential breadth of palliative care is recognized by the Medicare program, but the Medicare hospice benefit is narrowly defined and limited to care that is ...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3949/ccjm.80.e-s1.07
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The clinical care of women with epilepsy entails special considerations over the life span. Endogenous depression is more prevalent in persons with epilepsy than in the general population and may be unrecognized. Seizure frequency may be influenced by hormonal fluctuations, as reflected by catamenial patterns in up to...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.71.suppl_2.s49
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::An increasing array of treatments such as immunosuppressive drugs and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors can offer patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease improved relief from symptoms with fewer adverse effects. Several additional drugs have shown promise, including nicotine, antimicrobials, and heparin. ...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.69.8.621
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clinicians are bombarded with information daily by social media, mainstream television news, e-mail, and print and online reports. They usually do not have much control over these information streams and thus are passive recipients, which means they get more noise than signal. Accessing, absorbing, organizing, storing...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.83a.15001
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The article "Total pancreatectomy and islet cell autotransplantation: Definitive treatment for chronic pancreatitis" (Arce KM, Lin YK, Stevens T, Walsh RM, Hatipoglu BA. Cleve Clin J Med 2016; 83:435-442) incorrectly stated that Paul Lacy and David Scharp performed research at the University of Washington at Seattle. ...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 已发布勘误
doi:
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Much scientific and anecdotal data demonstrate favorable metabolic responses to very-low-carbohydrate diets. We believe that very-low-carbohydrate diets merit further study for weight loss, and that criticisms of these diets lack scientific evidence. ...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.69.11.849
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patients typically lose more than 50% of their excess weight after bariatric surgery. Obesity-related diseases markedly improve, reducing cardiovascular risk and improving life expectancy. Obese patients lose more weight with bariatric surgery than with medical weight-loss treatment. ...
journal_title:Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3949/ccjm.73.11.993
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00