Abstract:
:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the commonest cause of progressive neurological disability amongst young, Caucasian adults. MS is considered to be an auto-immune disease that results from an attack against myelin, the layer which surrounds axons. The pathophysiology of MS is complex, with both demyelination and axonal degeneration contributing to what is essentially an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease. Axonal loss is increasingly being accepted as the histopathological correlate of neurological disability. Currently, the underpinnings of neurodegeneration in MS, and how to promote neuroprotection are only partly understood. No established treatments that directly reduce nervous system damage or enhance its repair are currently available. Moreover, the ability of currently available immunomodulatory therapies used to treat MS, such as interferon-beta, to prevent long-term disability is uncertain. Results from short-term randomized-controlled trials suggest a partial benefit with regards to disability outcomes, but this is yet to be established in long-term studies. Novel neuroprotective agents have been identified in preclinical studies but their development is being hampered by the absence of appropriate clinical platforms to test them. In this article, we will discuss some of the principal therapeutic candidates that could provide neuroprotection in MS and emerging methodologies by which to test them.
journal_name
Pharmacol Therjournal_title
Pharmacology & therapeuticsauthors
Van der Walt A,Butzkueven H,Kolbe S,Marriott M,Alexandrou E,Gresle M,Egan G,Kilpatrick Tdoi
10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.01.006subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-04-01 00:00:00pages
82-93issue
1eissn
0163-7258issn
1879-016Xpii
S0163-7258(10)00012-4journal_volume
126pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Glutamate transmission is an important mediator of the development of substance use disorders, particularly with regard to relapse. The present review summarizes the changes in glutamate levels in the reward system (the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, dorsal striatum, hippocampus, and ventral tegmental area) obs...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
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journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
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abstract::High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is one of the most abundant proteins in eukaryotes and the best characterized damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). The biological activities of HMGB1 depend on its subcellular location, context and post-translational modifications. Inside the nucleus, HMGB1 is engaged in many D...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.12.005
更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases (PTGS), are heme-containing bis-oxygenases that catalyze the first committed reaction in metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) to the potent lipid mediators, prostanoids and thromboxanes. Two isozymes of COX enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) have been identif...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.011
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abstract::Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly metastatic disease with a high mortality rate. Genetic and biochemical studies have shown that RAS signaling mediated by KRAS plays a pivotal role in disease initiation, progression and drug resistance. RAS signaling affects several cellular processes in PDAC, includ...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.09.003
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several amphetamine analogs are potent psychostimulants and major drugs of abuse. In animal models, the psychomotor and reinforcing effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine (METH), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy), and methylphenidate (MPD; Ritalin) are thought to be dependent on increased extracellula...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The integration of retroviral DNA appears to be obligatory for the efficient replication of retroviruses in their respective host cells. During a natural infection, integration takes place in a process that includes biochemically and temporally discrete steps. These are: (1) the removal of two nucleotides from the 3' ...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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abstract::The past three decades have witnessed a welcome expansion of the therapeutic armamentarium for the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, against this backdrop, there have been some notable disappointments in drug development. Here we use these as case studies to emphasize the importance of info...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.012
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article reviews uses of metabolic suicide genes in gene therapy. Suicide genes encode novel nonmammalian enzymes that can convert a relatively nontoxic prodrug into a highly toxic agent. Cells genetically transduced to express such genes essentially commit metabolic suicide in the presence of the appropriate prod...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(94)90046-9
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(92)90053-3
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Known treatments of type 2 diabetes mellitus have limitations such as weight gain, and hypoglycaemias. A new perspective is the use of incretin hormones and incretin enhancers. Incretins are defined as being responsible for the higher insulin release after an oral glucose load compared to an intravenous glucose load. ...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.06.002
更新日期:2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Venoms from stonefish (genus Synanceja) have marked effects on the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems and on vascular permeability; the venoms also exhibit haemolytic and hyaluronidase activity. Recently, a toxic protein, stonustoxin (SNTX), was purified from the venom of S. horrida: the primary lethal action of...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(94)90022-1
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drug-induced arrhythmias or QT interval prolongation is one of the two most common reasons for drugs to be denied regulatory approval or to have warnings imposed on their clinical labelling. The assessment of torsades de pointes (TdP) risk during clinical development of a new pharmaceutical compound has been an issue ...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.05.006
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The precise mechanism(s) of the progression of advanced heart failure (HF) should be determined to establish strategies for its treatment or prevention. Based on pathological, molecular, and physiological findings in 3 animal models and human cases, we propose a novel scheme that a vicious cycle formed by increased sa...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.12.006
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiac fibrosis is a pathogenic factor of many cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which seriously affects people's life, and health and causes huge economic losses. Increasing evidence has shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) can regulate the progression of cardiac fibrosis. For the first time, ...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
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doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107702
更新日期:2020-10-04 00:00:00
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journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.04.002
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phosphorothioate (PS) oligodeoxynucleotides are relatively nuclease resistant, water soluble analogs of phosphodiester (PO) oligodeoxynucleotides. These molecules are chiral but still hybridize well to their RNA targets. While considered for use as in vivo anti-sense inhibitors of gene expression, their biology, espec...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(91)90032-h
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journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(94)90018-3
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.04.001
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.012
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
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更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Administration of antidepressant drugs to rodents appears to decrease 5-HT2 receptor function while transmission through postsynaptic 5-HT1 receptor synapses may be enhanced. Antidepressant drugs also alter 5-HT mechanisms in humans; some of these changes are congruent with effects noted in animal studies. Thus certai...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(90)90033-x
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pericytes and other perivascular stem cells are of growing interest in orthopedics and tissue engineering. Long regarded as simple regulators of angiogenesis and blood pressure, pericytes are now recognized to have MSC (mesenchymal stem cell) characteristics, including multipotentiality, self-renewal, immunoregulatory...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.08.003
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three separate experimental approaches, using site-selective cAMP analogs, antisense strategy and retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer, have provided evidence that two isoforms, the RI- and RII-regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, have opposite roles in cell growth and differentiation; RI being gr...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(93)90010-b
更新日期:1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Artemisinins are a unique class of antimalarial drugs with significant potential for drug repurposing for a wide range of diseases including cancer. Cancer is a leading cause of death globally and the majority of cancer related deaths occur in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) where conventional treatment option...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
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doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107706
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::For many years, acid-suppressive therapy has been at the forefront of treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), yet despite the advent of the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) some patients continue to experience persistent GERD symptoms. Therapeutic (non-surgical) options for such patients are currently limited. T...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.008
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Islet function is regulated by a number of different signals. A main signal is generated by glucose, which stimulates insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon secretion. The glucose effects are modulated by many factors, including hormones, neurotransmitters and nutrients. Several of these factors signal through guanin...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.08.002
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00