Abstract:
:Use of performance-enhancing supplements occurs at all levels of sports, from professional athletes to junior high school students. Although some supplements do enhance athletic performance, many have no proven benefits and have serious adverse effects. Anabolic steroids and ephedrine have life-threatening adverse effects and are prohibited by the International Olympic Committee and the National Collegiate Athletic Association for use in competition. Blood transfusions, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone are also prohibited in competition. Caffeine, creatine, and sodium bicarbonate have been shown to enhance performance in certain contexts and have few adverse effects. No performance benefit has been shown with amino acids, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, chromium, human growth hormone, and iron. Carbohydrate-electrolyte beverages have no serious adverse effects and can aid performance when used for fluid replacement. Given the widespread use of performance-enhancing supplements, physicians should be prepared to counsel athletes of all ages about their effectiveness, safety, and legality.
journal_name
Am Fam Physicianjournal_title
American family physicianauthors
Jenkinson DM,Harbert AJsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-11-01 00:00:00pages
1039-46issue
9eissn
0002-838Xissn
1532-0650journal_volume
78pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::This is a minimally invasive imaging technique designed to evaluate patients for suspected coronary artery disease. It is usually performed in conjunction with stress ECG testing. It can accurately determine the presence and extent of coronary artery disease and help determine whether cardiac catheterization is necess...
journal_title:American family physician
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abstract::Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause affecting young and middle-aged adults. Patients commonly present with bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, pulmonary infiltrates, and ocular and skin lesions. The heart, liver,spleen, salivary glands, muscles,bones, kidneys, and central nervous system also ...
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journal_title:American family physician
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更新日期:1981-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::More than 30% of U.S. adults report having experienced low back pain within the preceding three months. Although most low back pain is nonspecific and self-limiting, a subset of patients develop chronic low back pain, defined as persistent symptoms for longer than three months. Low back pain is categorized as nonspeci...
journal_title:American family physician
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更新日期:2015-05-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
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更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1997-02-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
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pub_type: 指南,杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1996-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
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doi:
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1990-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1997-10-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
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doi:
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
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doi:
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence of syphilis is increasing, predominantly among urban heterosexuals. Early recognition is important in preventing progression of the disease and transmission of Treponema pallidum to the fetus. Untreated primary syphilis is characterized by intervals of active disease punctuated by periods of latency. Not...
journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1994-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:American family physician
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
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journal_title:American family physician
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doi:
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doi:
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journal_title:American family physician
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doi:
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journal_title:American family physician
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journal_title:American family physician
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