Abstract：
:Paleopathological analyses of skeletal remains have provided significant information about diet and health in prehistoric populations. A number of individuals have been recovered whose remains show evidence of impairments that would have precluded "normal" functioning, resulting in a disability. The most famous example is Shanidar I; more recent discoveries include the Romito 2 dwarf from Italy and a boy with spina bifida from the Windover site in Florida. These finds have been interpreted by some writers as evidence for compassion and "moral decency" among the other members of the community, who would have had to support these nonproductive individuals. However, these interpretations are based on a number of implicit assumptions: about the number of nonproductive members normally present in any population, about the abilities of disabled individuals to contribute to society, about the treatment of disabled individuals by other members of the group, and about the "moral rightness" of facilitating the survival of a disabled individual under all circumstances. These assumptions are not justified by the evidence from the archeological record or by reference to ethnographic analogy. A tendency to focus on physical traits as the sole measure of productive ability, images of Rousseau's "noble savage" transported to the past, and unexamined beliefs about the disabled in modern societies have influenced these archeological interpretations. We are not justified in drawing conclusions either about the quality of life for disabled individuals in the past or about the motives or attitudes of the rest of the community from skeletal evidence of physical impairment.
journal_name
Am J Phys Anthropoljournal_title
American journal of physical anthropologyauthors
Dettwyler KAdoi
10.1002/ajpa.1330840402subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1991-04-01 00:00:00pages
375-84issue
4eissn
0002-9483issn
1096-8644journal_volume
84pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章abstract：:One trait that distinguishes the walking gaits of most primates from those of most mammalian nonprimates is the distribution of weight between the forelimbs and hindlimbs. Nonprimate mammals generally experience higher vertical peak substrate reaction forces on the forelimb than on the hindlimb. Primates, in contrast,...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.20385
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Historical and anthropological data suggest that skeletons excavated from an 11th to 15th century mass grave in Bondy, France, may be those of victims of the Great Plague. Using high-throughput real-time PCR investigation of the dental pulp collected from 14 teeth from five such skeletons, we detected Bartonella quint...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.21510
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Five polymorphisms involving two paternally inherited loci were surveyed in 38 world populations (n = 1,631) to investigate the origins of Native Americans. One of the six Y chromosome combination haplotypes (1T) was found at relatively high frequencies (17.8-75.0%) in nine Native American populations (n = 206) repres...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199703)102:3<301::AID-AJPA
更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The archaeological evidence of ancient cranial surgery is limited to cases of trepanation and cauterization. I report here on the only known case of cranial surgery in direct association with the osseous image of a non-trauma-induced soft tissue lesion (sinus pericranii). This case, from Alameda County, California (La...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330980209
更新日期：1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:This study aims to evaluate the use of quantitative methods of measuring variation in scalp hair fiber shape and pigmentation and carry out exploratory data analysis on a limited sample of individuals from diverse populations in order to inform future avenues of research for the evolution of modern human hai...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.22971
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The size of the permanent human canine tooth is one of the few sexually dimorphic features to be present in childhood and as such offers the opportunity to assist in the identification of sex in remains where no other appropriate criteria exist, such as in subadults. However, canine odontometrics are often associated ...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.21584
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Maternal reproductive investment includes both the energetic costs of gestation and lactation. For most humans, the metabolic costs of lactation will exceed those of gestation. Mothers must balance reproductive investment in any single offspring against future reproductive potential. Among mammals broadly, mothers may...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.22346
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inferred dietary preference is a major component of paleoecologies of extinct primates. Molar occlusal shape correlates with diet in living mammals, so teeth are a potentially useful structure from which to reconstruct diet in extinct taxa. We assess the efficacy of Dirichlet normal energy (DNE) calculated for molar t...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.21489
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pair-bonding in the genus Papio seems to be the result of fusion of troops as well as fission. When troop segments regularly split and join again, males who permanently maintain exclusive access to a few females may have an advantage over males who compete for all females who are in estrus. When two or more troops reg...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330600104
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fourteen morphologic crown traits were observed in a sample of 1528 Pima Indians of south-central Arizona. Pima dentitions are characterized by high frequencies of shoveling, incisor winging, the hypocone, the lower canine distal accessory ridge, cusp 6, and the protostylid. They exhibit low frequencies of the metacon...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330610103
更新日期：1983-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The order in which ectocranial sutures undergo fusion displays species-specific variation among primates. However, the precise relationship between suture closure and phylogenetic affinities is poorly understood. In this study, we used Guttman Scaling to determine if the modal progression of suture closure differs amo...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.20821
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A host of ecological, anatomical, and physiological selective pressures are hypothesized to have played a role in the evolution of hominid bipedalism. A referential model, based on the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and bonobo (Pan paniscus), was used to test through experimental manipulation four hypotheses on the evol...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.10058
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human remains giving direct evidence concerning the history of dissection practices are rare. Thirteen cranial fragments which bear evidence of having been purposely cut and sawn were discovered in a crypt during excavations undertaken in Sens (Yonne, France). Ceramics date these remains to the period from the end of ...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330980310
更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bones in the axial and appendicular skeletons exhibit heterogeneous growth patterns between different ethnic and sex groups. However, the influence of this differential growth on the expression of bone mineral content is not yet established. The aims of the present study were to investigate: 1) whether there are ethni...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.20318
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Factors involved in the spread of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the largely Melanesian population (N = 909) of Graciosa Bay, Ndeni, are examined. Based upon cultural information from Ndeni and ways in which HBV is spread in other populations, certain practices and interactions, predicted as effective routes of HBV infect...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330640306
更新日期：1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:The use of dental metrics in phylogenetic reconstructions of fossil primates assumes variation in tooth size is highly heritable. Quantitative genetic studies in humans and baboons have estimated high heritabilities for dental traits, providing a preliminary view of the variability of dental trait heritabili...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.23744
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A large collection of identified human skeletons curated at the Bocage Museum (National Museum of Natural History, Lisbon, Portugal) has remained in relative anonymity since its collecting protocol was initiated in the 1980s. This collection originates from modern cemetery sources and is comprised of 1,692 skeletons w...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.20228
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent molecular and morphological surveys suggest that mangabeys do not represent a monophyletic group. Specifically, Cercocebus is the sister taxon of Mandrillus, whereas Lophocebus forms an unresolved trichotomy with Papio and Theropithecus. The Cercocebus-Mandrillus clade is characterized by skeletal and dental ad...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.20621
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the present study the frequency of the simian crease among 57 Down patients is compared to the corresponding figures of related and unrelated individuals. A study of the correlation with the dermatoglyphic patterns of the thenar and hypothenar areas is presented, the palm print classification being carried out acco...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330720303
更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Schistosome infections can damage organs important for water homeostasis, especially the kidneys. Urogenital schistosomiasis (caused by Schistosoma haematobium) increases protein and blood in urine and intestinal schistosomiasis (caused by S. mansoni) affects total body water. However, no data exist on how d...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.23479
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The growth of the maxillary complex of 36 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively during four defined stages of postnatal development (i.e., infant, juvenile, adolescent, young adult). At each stage, growth was observed during a 24 week period. Since some animals were observed dur...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330440104
更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite the extensive electromyographic research that has addressed limb muscle function during primate quadrupedalism, the role of the back muscles in this locomotor behavior has remained undocumented. We report here the results of an electromyographic (EMG) analysis of three intrinsic back muscles (multifidus, longi...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330930408
更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is often suggested that the frontal sinus morphology of no two individuals is alike, and that the configuration of the frontal sinus is as unique to an individual as his or her fingerprints. However, no empirical, quantitative testing of the uniqueness of frontal sinus outlines has ever been performed. Such testing...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.20116
更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Artificial reshaping of the cranial vault has been practiced by many human groups and provides a natural experiment in which the relationships of neurocranial, cranial base, and facial growth can be investigated. We test the hypothesis that fronto-occipital artificial reshaping of the neurocranial vault results in spe...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330880307
更新日期：1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A new brain endocast of Homo erectus from Hulu Cave, Tangshan, Nanjing is described and compared with a broad sample of endocasts of H. erectus, Neanderthals, and recent modern humans. The Nanjing 1 endocast is reconstructed based on two portions of endocranial casts taken from the original fossil fragments. The fossi...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.21527
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A total of 582 individuals (1,164 chromosomes) from two African, eight African-derived South American, five South American Amerindian, and three Brazilian urban populations were studied at four variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) and two short tandem repeat (STR) hypervariable loci. These two sets of loci did not ...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199908)109:4<425::AID-AJPA
更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Here we describe the case of an ectopic maxillary third molar (M3 ), preventing the eruption of the M2 , in the individual H3 of the hominin hypodigm of level TD6.2 of the Early Pleistocene site of Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). MATERIALS AND METHODS:The fossil remains from the TD6.2 level of the...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.24010
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The limbic frontal cortex forms part of the neural substrate responsible for emotional reactions to social stimuli. Area 13 is one of the cortical areas long known to be part of the posterior orbitofrontal cortex in several monkey species, such as the macaque. Its presence nevertheless in the human brain has been uncl...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199806)106:2<129::AID-AJPA
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Evolutionary trends for dental reduction are presented for European Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic samples. The analysis demonstrates that the greatest decrease in tooth size occurs between the two divisions of the Upper Paleolithic, while little and insignificant change characterizes the Late Upper Paleolithic/Meso...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330460114
更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studying the current distribution of genetic diversity in humans has important implications for our understanding of the history of our species. We analyzed a set of linked STR and SNP loci from the paternally inherited Y chromosome to infer the past demography of 55 African and Eurasian populations, using both the pa...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.22707
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
