Abstract：
:The limbic frontal cortex forms part of the neural substrate responsible for emotional reactions to social stimuli. Area 13 is one of the cortical areas long known to be part of the posterior orbitofrontal cortex in several monkey species, such as the macaque. Its presence nevertheless in the human brain has been unclear, and the cortex of the frontal lobe of the great and lesser apes remains largely unknown. In this study area 13 was identified in human, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon brains, and cortical maps were generated on the basis of its cytoarchitecture. Imaging techniques were used to characterize and quantify the microstructural organization of the area, and stereological tools were applied for estimates of the volume of area 13 in all species. Area 13 is conservative in its structure, and features such as size of cortical layers, density of neurons, and space available for connections are similar across hominoids with only subtle differences present. In contrast to the homogeneity found in its organization, variation is present in the relative size of this cortical area (as a percentage of total brain volume). The human and the bonobo include a complex orbitofrontal cortex and a relatively smaller area 13. On the contrary the orangutan stands out by having a shorter orbitofrontal region and a more expanded area 13. Differences in the organization and size of individual cortical areas involved in emotional reactions and social behavior can be related to behavioral specializations of each hominoid and to the evolution of emotions in hominids.
journal_name
Am J Phys Anthropoljournal_title
American journal of physical anthropologyauthors
Semendeferi K,Armstrong E,Schleicher A,Zilles K,Van Hoesen GWdoi
10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199806)106:2<129::AID-AJPAsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-06-01 00:00:00pages
129-55issue
2eissn
0002-9483issn
1096-8644pii
10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199806)106:2<129::AID-AJPAjournal_volume
106pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Angular and linear measurements of maxillary first molar occlusal polygons are given for young San (Bushmen), Sotho, Asiatic Indians, Whites, and Papago Indians. Angular and linear measurements are inseparably related. Much greater variation occurs in widths than in lengths. Maximum variation occurs between San and Pa...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330700308
更新日期：1986-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:The higher primate scapula has been subject to many explanations of the putative "adaptive value" of its individual traits. However, the shift from the bone's position in above branch quadrupeds to its more posterolateral position in recent hominoids obviously required fundamental changes to its general form...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.23158
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A very limiting factor for paleoanthropological studies is the poor state of preservation of the human fossil record, where fragmentation and deformation are considered normal. Although anatomical information can still be gathered from a distorted fossil, such specimens must typically be excluded from advanced morphol...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.22376
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Parameters of Malécot's isolation-by-distance model are estimated for biological (anthropometric head and body dimensions, morphometric dimensions of metacarpal bones, quantitative and qualitative dermatoglyphic traits, and physiological/cardiorespiratory/variables) and linguistic distances and migrational kinship on ...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330740313
更新日期：1987-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is often suggested that the frontal sinus morphology of no two individuals is alike, and that the configuration of the frontal sinus is as unique to an individual as his or her fingerprints. However, no empirical, quantitative testing of the uniqueness of frontal sinus outlines has ever been performed. Such testing...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.20116
更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many studies involve comparison of measures of sexual dimorphism between two samples. This comparison is used to test a variety of hypotheses, such as changing environmental conditions. Methods for testing the significance of the difference between two populations tend to be complex, and/or require access to complete ...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330660105
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The study of tooth wear among prehistoric and recent populations has frequently been concerned with the rate and pattern of wear over the dental arches. In this report we considered the question of tooth wear variation among collections of Australian Aboriginal crania recovered from several sites along the Murray Rive...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330790206
更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:The human respiratory apparatus is characterized by sexual dimorphism, the cranial airways of males being larger (both absolutely and relatively) than those of females. These differences have been linked to sex-specific differences in body composition, bioenergetics, and respiratory function. However, whethe...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.23051
更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A host of ecological, anatomical, and physiological selective pressures are hypothesized to have played a role in the evolution of hominid bipedalism. A referential model, based on the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and bonobo (Pan paniscus), was used to test through experimental manipulation four hypotheses on the evol...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.10058
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Vertical clinging and climbing have been integral to hypotheses about primate origins, yet little is known about how an animal with nails instead of claws resists gravity while on large, vertical, and cylindrical substrates. Here we test models of how force is applied to maintain posture, predicting (1) the ...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.22803
更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Weight, stature, arm circumference, and the triceps skinfold were measured in 1,410 school children, 6 through 14 years of age, from two urban colonias in the city of Oaxaca de Juarez (n = 479), and from two rural Ladino (n = 467) and two rural Zapotec (n = 464) communities in the Valley of Oaxaca in southern Mexico. ...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330540305
更新日期：1981-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:We present a new distance-based exponential regression approach based on published histological data to refine the objectivity, accuracy, and precision of age estimates of LEH defect formation on the anterior dentition. METHODS:Published histological data of anterior tooth crown growth for two samples (nort...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.23764
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interest in the developmental changes leading to apomorphic features of human anatomy is longstanding. Although most research has focused on quantitative measures of size and shape, additional information may be available in the sequence of events in development, including aspects of phenotypic integration. I apply tw...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.20963
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The appearance of the secondary centers of ossification was investigated in hand and foot radiographs of 112 fetal and neonatal Macaca nemestrina and a maturational index calculated using a scoring system that differentiated between the initial and later stages of ossification. Cumulative incremental curves of skeleta...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330480402
更新日期：1978-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Distribution and variation statistics of hominid endocranial volume (ECV) have been investigated. Within the interpretative constraints imposed by (very) small sample sizes, the requirements for normality are met, as are those for heteroscedasticity. A significant difference in means can be demonstrated for only two c...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330680214
更新日期：1985-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Little research exists documenting levels of intestinal inflammation among indigenous populations where exposure to macroparasites, like soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), is common. Reduced STH exposure is hypothesized to contribute to increased prevalence of elevated intestinal inflammation in wealthy nati...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.23897
更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Dental microwear is a promising tool to reconstruct animals' diet because it reflects the interplay between the enamel surface and the food items recently consumed. This study examines the sources of inter-individual variations in dietary habits in a free-ranging population of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) u...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.23337
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Ainu people are considered to be the descendants of preagricultural native populations of northern Japan, while the majority of the population of contemporary Japan (Wajin) is descended mainly from postneolithic migrants. Polymorphisms of the HLA-DRB1, DRB3, and DQB1 alleles were investigated in DNA samples of 50 ...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199609)101:1<1::AID-AJPA1>
更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:It is a big challenge to diagnose the motives behind trepanations in prehistoric crania. Surgical-therapeutic attempts may be apparent by the presence of fractures, however, ritual or nonmedical motives are rarely supported by visible evidence in the bones. This article presents data on the trepanations of s...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.22996
更新日期：2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to document variation of deciduous tooth formation and eruption. The material comprises 121 individuals of known or estimated age (using tooth length) from Spitalfields in London, and radiographs of 61 healthy living children aged 2-5 years. Other skeletal material from two medieval Scottish ...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.10318
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To determine whether (1) maximal handgrip strength (HGS) is associated with inter-island level of economic development in Vanuatu, (2) how associations between island of residence and HGS are mediated by age, sex, body size/composition, and individual sociodeomographic variation, and (3) whether HGS is predi...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.23704
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bone mass, as assessed by measurements of total subperiosteal diameter and medullary width of the second metacarpal bone on hand-wrist radiographs, was evaluated for 31 Guamanian patients (15 males, 16 females) with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 67 patients (39 males, 28 females) with parkinsonism-dementia (PD)...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330800112
更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Observations on petalial asymmetry for 190 hominoid endocasts are reported, and their statistical differences assessed. While all taxa of hominoids show asymmetries to various degrees, the patterns or combinations of petalial asymmetries are very different, with fossil hominoids and modern Homo sapiens showing an iden...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330580111
更新日期：1982-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lactation is an energy demanding phase in the reproductive cycle of female mammals. For this reason, several studies have assessed the effects of lactation on female behavior. In this study we examine the influence of lactation on the time-budgets and foraging patterns of female black howlers (Alouatta pigra) in Campe...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.21481
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In order to reassess previous hypotheses concerning dental size reduction of the posterior teeth during Pleistocene human evolution, current fossil dental evidence is examined. This evidence includes the large sample of hominid teeth found in recent excavations (1984-1993) in the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene ...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330960403
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Seasonal change in time spent for terrestrial behavior of chimpanzees was investigated from the viewpoint of the distribution of food and microclimate in the forest at Bossou, Guinea, West Africa. Daily and monthly data for activity budgets of three focal animals, climatic variables in the forest, and indices of fruit...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.10342
更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mean cranial capacities of 50 male and 50 female Zulu crania were found to be 1373.3 +/- 107.4 ml for males and 1251.2 +/- 101.1 ml for females (means +/- SD). The male value resembles that of other Negro groups, while the female value is somewhat higher than the value for Negro crania as a whole. The index of sex...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330710304
更新日期：1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The incidence of jugular foramen and mylohyoid groove bridging was studied in a population of East Asian Indian skulls (125 males and 109 females). The criteria of Dodo (J. Anat. 144:153-165, 1986) was used in the identification of a jugular bridge. There was an overall incidence of 8.1% in jugular foramen bridging, w...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330720407
更新日期：1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A new genus and species of notharctine primate, Hesperolemur actius, is described from Uintan (middle Eocene) aged rocks of San Diego County, California. Hesperolemur differs from all previously described adapiforms in having the anterior third of the ectotympanic anulus fused to the internal lateral wall of the audit...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330980406
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Artificial reshaping of the cranial vault has been practiced by many human groups and provides a natural experiment in which the relationships of neurocranial, cranial base, and facial growth can be investigated. We test the hypothesis that fronto-occipital artificial reshaping of the neurocranial vault results in spe...
journal_title：American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/ajpa.1330880307
更新日期：1992-07-01 00:00:00
