Connexins act as tumor suppressors in three-dimensional mammary cell organoids by regulating differentiation and angiogenesis.

Abstract:

:Connexins are tumor suppressors, and human breast connexin 26 (Cx26) and connexin 43 (Cx43) gap junctions are often down-regulated in breast cancer. We previously showed that Cx26 and Cx43 overexpressed in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells inhibited tumor growth in vivo but not in two-dimensional cultures. In the current study, we show that overexpression of Cx26 or Cx43 has tumor-suppressive properties in a three-dimensional environment such that they reduced anchorage-independent cell growth and induced partial redifferentiation of three-dimensional organoids of MDA-MB-231 cells. Importantly, the majority of exogenous connexins did not localize to the cell-cell interface or rescue gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) as assessed by dye transfer, providing evidence of a GJIC-independent mechanism of mammary tumor suppression. To further elucidate the mechanisms involved in connexin-induced three-dimensional redifferentiation of tumor cells, we examined whether connexin expression has a role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cx26 and Cx43 reduced cell migration, increased cytokeratin 18 expression, and decreased vimentin levels, indicating a shift from a mesenchymal towards an epithelial phenotype. In addition, we examined the role of connexins in angiogenesis by probing an angiogenesis antibody array with conditioned media from three-dimensional MDA-MB-231 cultures. This revealed that connexin overexpression regulated various angiogenesis-linked proteins. Furthermore, secreted factors from connexin overexpressing cells inhibited endothelial cell tubulogenesis and migration, and xenografts of Cx43 overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells showed reduced tumor angiogenesis. In summary, Cx26 and Cx43 inhibit the malignant properties of MDA-MB-231 cells via GJIC-independent mechanisms, including regulation of EMT and angiogenesis.

journal_name

Cancer Res

journal_title

Cancer research

authors

McLachlan E,Shao Q,Wang HL,Langlois S,Laird DW

doi

10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4302

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2006-10-15 00:00:00

pages

9886-94

issue

20

eissn

0008-5472

issn

1538-7445

pii

66/20/9886

journal_volume

66

pub_type

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