Abstract:
BACKGROUND:When assessing the association between a factor X and a subsequent outcome Y in observational studies, the question that arises is what are the variables to adjust for to reduce bias due to confounding for causal inference on the effect of X on Y. Disregarding such factors is often a source of overestimation because these variables may affect both X and Y. On the other hand, adjustment for such variables can also be a source of underestimation because such variables may be the causal consequence of X and part of the mechanism that leads from X to Y. METHODS:In this paper, we present a simple method to compute control variables in the presence of age at onset data on both X and a set of other variables. Using these age at onset data, control variables are computed that adjust only for conditions that occur prior to X. This strategy can be used in prospective as well as in survival analysis. Our method is motivated by an argument based on the counterfactual model of a causal effect. RESULTS:The procedure is exemplified by examining of the relation between panic attack and the subsequent incidence of MDD. CONCLUSIONS:The results reveal that the adjustment for all other variables, irrespective of their temporal relation to X, can yield a false negative result (despite unconsidered confounders and other sources of bias).
journal_name
Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemioljournal_title
Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiologyauthors
Höfler M,Brückl T,Lieb R,Wittchen HUdoi
10.1007/s00127-005-0944-8subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-09-01 00:00:00pages
731-6issue
9eissn
0933-7954issn
1433-9285journal_volume
40pub_type
杂志文章abstract:OBJECTIVE:Previous research has suggested that psychosis is better described as a continuum rather than a dichotomous entity. This study aimed to describe the distribution of positive psychosis-like symptoms in two large community samples using an item response mixture model. METHOD:An item response mixture model was ...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0244-6
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Numerous studies have shown that health care professionals often experience difficulty in detecting postnatal depression. In Japan, where mental illness has traditionally been stigmatized, detection seems even more difficult. This study investigates the prevalence of postnatal depression in the community and...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0727-7
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The paper investigates social and lifestyle determinants of depression, anxiety, sleeping disorders and self-evaluated low quality of life in a population sample from the northwest of Russia. METHODS:Altogether 1968 men and 1737 women aged 18-90 years participated in a population-based study in Arkhangelsk,...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0918-x
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The EGOS study (Epidemiology and Genetics of Obsessive-compulsive disorder and chronic tic disorders in Sweden) is a large-scale, epidemiological, prospective cohort that is used to identify genetic and environmental risk factors in the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and chronic tic disorders (...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01822-7
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Comorbid depression is common in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As yet, however, little is known about the factors associated with co-occurring depression in this population. To address this research gap, the current study examined the role of community violence exposure in th...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01662-5
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Persons diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) often experience pervasive feelings of loneliness, which are considered a significant barrier to treatment and recovery. AIM:As impaired social cognition may contribute to increased loneliness and less skillful social interactions, this study ...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01789-5
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:This study aims at providing qualitative and quantitative evidence on the relevance of two broadly used mental health self-report measures--Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) and Hopkins Symptom Checklist 37 for Adolescents (HSCL-37A)--for use in Eastern Democratic of Congo, as no psychological assessment...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0128-z
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to investigate possible relationships between parental rearing practices and problem behaviours in a sample of male delinquent adolescents versus controls. A total of 133 subjects from a juvenile correction centre and 108 matched school-children in the Arkhangelsk region, Russia, were ass...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s001270050082
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Employment is generally beneficial to health and quality of life. Despite many advances in the treatment of psychosis there are continuing reports of high levels of unemployment. In most studies of first episode psychosis (FEP) only rudimentary rates of employment are provided. We sought to establish the p...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0008-6
更新日期:2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Associations were examined between neighbourhood income inequality and neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation on the one hand and (mental) health related quality of life (QoL) on the other, in Maastricht, the Netherlands. METHODS:Three different data sources were used: 1) neighbourhood socioeconomic indicat...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0768-y
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Health care utilization studies of mental disorders focus largely on the ICD-9 category 290-319, and do not generally include analysis of visits for mental health problems identified under V-code categories. Although active duty service members represent a large young adult employed population who use mental ...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0461-7
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Recalled experiences of parental bonding may be important in the aetiology of perinatal depression. We hypothesized that lower recalled parental bonding would be associated with perinatal depression. METHOD:In a cohort study of perinatal depression in Turkey, 677 women were recruited in their third trimester. ...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1484-3
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The link between depression and paranoia has long been discussed in psychiatric literature. Because the causality of this association is difficult to study in patients with full-blown psychosis, we aimed to investigate how clinical depression relates to the presence and occurrence of paranoid symptoms in cli...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1160-9
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Children 7 to 12 years of age were asked to indicate events they had experienced in the previous three months in a questionnaire devised for the study. Most children were able to complete the questionnaire and reported positive and negative events, the most common themes being personal achievement, illness-related eve...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00782882
更新日期:1990-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Patients with psychotic symptoms often respond poorly to treatment. Outcomes can be affected by biological, physiological and psychological factors according to the vulnerability-stress model. The patient's coping strategies and beliefs have been correlated with outcomes. OBJECTIVES:To investigate the knowl...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0096-3
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Maccabi Healthcare Services, a large health maintenance organization (HMO) operating in Israel, has recently constructed a computerized registry of patients with severe mental illnesses (SMI). In the present study, we aimed to use this registry to investigate the epidemiology of schizophrenia and bipolar affect...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0478-9
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Many individuals with schizophrenia are stigmatized by society. It is necessary to understand the factors contributing to stigma. This study investigated the relation of symptoms and other patient characteristics with perceived stigmatization in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD:Sixty patients with schizo...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0697-9
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the prevalence and characteristics of psychosexual problems in people with schizophrenia, and to compare the subjects' and researcher's perceptions of the presence of these problems. METHODS:Cross-sectional survey of 137 people with established schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, aged 18-...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0119-0
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To present 1-month, 12-month and lifetime prevalence estimates of mood, anxiety and alcohol disorders in Italy; and the socio-demographic correlates and comorbidity patterns of these estimated disorders. METHOD:A representative random sample of non-institutionalised citizens of Italy aged 18 or older (N=4,71...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0097-4
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:We assessed the relationship of self-reported racial discrimination with illicit drug use among US Blacks, and whether this differed by socioeconomic position (SEP). METHODS:Among 6587 Black participants in Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (2004-2005), we used multi...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1174-y
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In the last decades, many community-based studies have addressed predictors of nursing home placement (NHP) among the elderly. So far, predictors have not been analyzed separately for different age groups. METHODS:For a German GP-sample of 3,208 subjects aged 75 years and older, socio-demographic, clinical,...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0333-9
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Psychiatric readmission is a common negative outcome. Predictors of readmission may differ by sex. This study aimed to derive and internally validate sex-specific models to predict 30-day psychiatric readmission. METHODS:We used population-level health administrative data to identify predictors of 30-day psych...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1450-5
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Positive relationships between employment and clinical status have been found in several studies. However, an unequivocal interpretation of these relationships is difficult on the basis of common statistical methods. METHODS:In this analysis, a structural equation model approach for longitudinal data was appli...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0451-z
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The aim of the current study was to investigate feasibility, response, and consequences of mental health screening and intervention in a population study setting. METHODS:In the Intervention study against Depression and Anxiety in Nord-Trøndelag (IDANT), all GPs and psychiatric nurses were invited to a psyc...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0018-y
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Integration of patient views in mental health service planning is in its infancy despite service provision being clearly dominated by narratives from professional consultations and medical records. We wished to clarify perceptions of uncertainty about mental health conditions from a range of provider and use...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0072-y
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To screen and clinically interview European adolescents reporting current suicidality (suicidal ideation and suicide attempt) and investigate attendance at the clinical interview. METHODS:The Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) Project was carried out in 11 European countries. A baseline questi...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1016-3
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Involuntary admission legislation and rates differ greatly throughout the European Union Member States. In Ireland, the Mental Health Act 2001 has introduced significant changes in the care for patients admitted involuntarily, including mental health tribunals that review the involuntary admission orders. A...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0104-7
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Treatment programmes are largely hospital based in developing countries and yet research on factors predicting frequent re-hospitalisation remains scarce from them. This cross-sectional study of factors predictive of frequent re-hospitalisation explored whether factors reported from developed countries could...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-002-0570-7
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The INTREPID programme of research aims to establish comparable studies of incident psychosis in a number of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). DISCUSSION:The importance of this cannot be under-estimated, as this will enable the testing of existing findings and evidence across differing environmental...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1056-8
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence, correlates, and symptom profiles of depressive disorders in men with a history of military service. METHODS:Data were obtained from the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify corre...
journal_title:Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0226-y
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00