Abstract：
:The structure of the visual pigment rhodopsin in the dark state was first investigated by electron microscopy (EM). More recently, rhodopsin has been crystallised in two different space groups--a tetragonal P4(1) crystal form and a trigonal P3(1) packing arrangement. The structures of the pigment, determined by X-ray crystallography from these two crystal forms, show many similarities, but also significant differences. These differences are most extensive in the G-protein-binding region of the cytoplasmic surface, where the location of the loop between helices 5 and 6 is highly variable. A combination of EM and spin labelling suggests that this loop adopts the native conformation in the P3(1) crystal form. The X-ray structures also show the location of structural water molecules that are important for colour tuning, stabilisation of the ground state and receptor activation, and act as a template for modelling other G-protein-coupled receptors. A major current focus of structural work on rhodopsin is investigation of the activated state of the receptor. After careful spectroscopic characterisation of light activation in two-dimensional crystals, a map of the metarhodopsin I intermediate was obtained by EM from two-dimensional crystals. In addition, NMR studies are providing information about the structure of activated states of rhodopsin. In the future, structural information will show how rhodopsin becomes activated and how it couples to downstream signalling pathways.
journal_name
Curr Opin Struct Bioljournal_title
Current opinion in structural biologyauthors
Schertler GFdoi
10.1016/j.sbi.2005.07.010subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-08-01 00:00:00pages
408-15issue
4eissn
0959-440Xissn
1879-033Xpii
S0959-440X(05)00132-6journal_volume
15pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The ISWI family of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers regulates transcription of coding and noncoding RNA by mobilizing nucleosomes and controlling the length of linker DNA separating nucleosomes (spacing). Nucleosome movement is tightly coupled to the DNA translocation activity of the helicase domain in the catalytic...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2014.01.010
更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are central to many physiological processes, including the uptake of nutrients, the non-classical secretion of signaling molecules and toxins, multidrug resistance and the development of human disease. As one might expect from this spectrum of translocation events, these ubiquit...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-440x(02)00399-8
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aromatic polyketides are secondary metabolites that afford some of the most common antibiotics and anti-cancer drugs currently in clinical use. Not least because of their medical importance, the biosynthesis of these compounds has attracted considerable interest during the past few years; important advances have been ...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2005.10.002
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The RNA exosome participates in the degradation and processing of a wide range of RNA molecules. Recent advances in understanding how the exosome is organized and functions largely stem from structural studies. Crystal structures of archaeal exosomes bound to RNA and of the corresponding nine-subunit human exosome cor...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2008.10.004
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Kinetochores are large macromolecular assemblies that link chromosomes to spindle microtubules (MTs) during mitosis. Here we review recent advances in the study of core MT-binding kinetochore complexes using electron microcopy methods in vitro and nanometer-accuracy fluorescence microscopy in vivo. We synthesize these...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2011.07.009
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Computational protein design - the search for amino acids that adopt defined structures and functions - has achieved significant successes in recent years. Design is often approached from the perspective of targeting the design objective one structure-sequence pair at a time. Here we summarize studies that take an alt...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2010.02.004
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is a conserved multiprotein, repressive chromatin complex essential for development and maintenance of eukaryotic cellular identity. PRC2 comprises a trimeric core of SUZ12, EED and EZH1/2, which together with RBBP4/7 is sufficient to catalyse mono-methylation, di-methylation a...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2020.10.017
更新日期：2020-11-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Glycosylation is a common post-translational protein modification, in which glycans are built onto proteins through the sequential addition of monosaccharide units, in reactions catalysed by glycosyltransferases. Glycosylation influences the physicochemical and biological properties of proteins, with subsequent effect...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2016.08.007
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent collection of high-resolution crystal structures of the 70S ribosome with mRNA and tRNA substrates enhances our knowledge of protein synthesis principles. A novel network of interactions between the ribosome in the elongation state and mRNA downstream from the A codon suggests that mRNA is stabilized and aligne...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2010.03.002
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Understanding the structural rules that govern specific, high-affinity binding characteristic of aptamer-protein interactions is important in view of the increasing use of aptamers across many applications. From the modest number of 16 aptamer-protein structures currently available, trends are emerging. The flexible p...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2016.01.009
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A remarkable group of proteins challenge the notions that protein sequence determines a unique three-dimensional structure, and that membrane and soluble proteins are very distinct. The pore-forming toxins typically transform from soluble, monomeric proteins to oligomers that form transmembrane channels. Recent struct...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2006.03.008
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In all contemporary organisms, the active site of the ribosome--the peptidyl transferase center--catalyzes two distinct reactions, peptide bond formation between peptidyl-tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA as well as the hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNA with the help of a release factor. However, when provided with appropriate substr...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2013.04.012
更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fundamental biological processes are driven by diverse molecular machineries. In recent years, single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy has matured as a unique tool in biology to study how structural dynamics of molecular complexes drive various biochemical reactions. In this review, we highlight underlying developme...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2019.05.005
更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The three-dimensional structures of membrane proteins are essential for understanding their functions, interactions and architectures. Their requirement for lipids has hampered structure determination by conventional approaches. With optimized samples, it is possible to apply solution NMR methods to small membrane pro...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-440x(98)80157-7
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The amide bond with its planarity and lack of chemical reactivity is at the heart of protein structure. Chemical methylation of amides is known but was considered too harsh to be accessible to biology. Until last year there was no protein structure in the data bank with an enzymatically methylated amide. The discovery...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2020.06.004
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Directed evolution is widely used to improve enzymes, particularly for industrial biocatalytic processes. Molecular biology advances present many new strategies for directed evolution. Commonly used techniques have led to many successful examples of enzyme improvement, yet there is still a need to improve both the eff...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2011.05.003
更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Connecting three dimensional structure and affinity is analogous to seeking the 'Archimedean point', a vantage point from where any observer can quantitatively perceive the subject of inquiry. Here we review current knowledge and challenges that lie ahead of us in the quest for this Archimedean point. We argue that cu...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2013.07.001
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The three-dimensional structures of several biotin-binding proteins are now known, giving insights into the molecular architecture of the binding sites for biotin. In combination with biochemical and computational approaches, these structural insights provide the basis for our present understanding of biotin-protein i...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-440x(96)80010-8
更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Centrioles are microtubule-based structures in eukaryotic cells. From organizing the microtubule cytoskeleton during interphase to focusing the mitotic spindle during mitosis, centrioles are busy at all stages of the cell cycle. One crucial interphase function of centrioles is to assemble cilia, microtubular projectio...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2020.09.006
更新日期：2020-11-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Protein allostery is a vitally important protein function that has proven to be a vexing problem to understand at the molecular level. Allosteric communication is a hallmark of many protein functions. However, despite more than four decades of study the details regarding allosteric communication in protein systems are...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2020.05.004
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Changing macromolecular conformations and complexes are critical features of cellular networks, typified by DNA damage response pathways that are essential to life. These fluctuations enhance the specificity of macromolecular recognition and catalysis, and enable an integrated functioning of pathway components, ensuri...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2010.03.012
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Protein-protein interactions involving the catalytic domain of protein kinases are likely to be generally important in the regulation of signal transduction pathways, but are rather sparsely represented in crystal structures. Recently determined structures of the kinase domains of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2006.10.007
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Newly solved chaperone structures include the thermosome, a group II chaperonin, and a small heat-shock protein. Novel ideas on chaperone mechanism are presented in the forced unfolding hypothesis of GroEL action. Structures of chaperone-pilin complexes reveal the mechanism of chaperone interaction in bacterial pilus ...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-440x(00)00074-9
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The accelerated elucidation of three-dimensional structures of protein complexes, both natural and designed, is providing new examples of large supramolecular assemblies with intriguing shapes. Those with high symmetry - based on the geometries of the Platonic solids - are particularly notable as their innately closed...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.008
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry (MS) can provide information about proteins that can be challenging to obtain by other means. Structure/function relationships, binding interactions, and the effects of modification have all been measured with HDX MS for a diverse and growing array of signaling prote...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2016.08.003
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Since user-friendly atomic force microscopes came onto the market a few years ago, scientists have explored the response of many proteins to applied force. This field has now matured beyond the phenomenological with exciting recent developments, particularly with regards to research into biological questions. For exam...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2007.01.006
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The modulation of enzyme function is a key regulatory feature of biological systems. The ability to engineer synthetic enzymes that can be controlled by any arbitrary signal would enable a wide array of sensing applications and therapeutics and provide us with powerful tools for the basic study of biology. Here severa...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2009.04.007
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transmembrane proton gradients, known as Proton Motive Force (PMF), serve important physiological functions. In addition to driving ATP synthesis, PMF is harnessed by a large variety of secondary transporters to achieve 'uphill' translocation of specific substrates across the membrane. Proton-coupled secondary transpo...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2013.04.011
更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Molecular dynamics simulations of membrane proteins are making rapid progress, because of new high-resolution structures, advances in computer hardware and atomistic simulation algorithms, and the recent introduction of coarse-grained models for membranes and proteins. In addition to several large ion channel simulati...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.sbi.2008.02.003
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antibody engineering has been an extremely intensive research area for many years. Recent achievements discussed in this review include: (i) significant improvements in the field of selection of antigen-specific antibody fragments on bacteriophages; (ii) new structural work, in particular using NMR; (iii) the cloning ...
journal_title：Current opinion in structural biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-440x(95)80028-x
更新日期：1995-08-01 00:00:00
